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相关概念视频

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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对SARS-CoV-2基因组进化模式的分析.

Shubhangi Gupta1, Deepanshu Gupta2, Sonika Bhatnagar1,2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.

Microbiology spectrum
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概括

疫苗接种后,SARS-CoV-2的进化加速,突变率增加和选择压力的转变. 奥米克朗病毒的突变率最高,而三角形病毒的dN/dS比率最高,影响了病毒进化洞察力.

关键词:
这就是SARS-CoV-2病毒.进化 演化 演化 演化 演化 演化 演化 演化基因组 基因组是基因组的组成部分.突变率的突变率是什么选择压力选择压力接种疫苗 接种疫苗

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科学领域:

  • 病毒学 病毒学
  • 进化生物学 进化生物学
  • 基因组学就是基因组学.

背景情况:

  • SARS-CoV-2 (严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2) 流行病为研究病毒演变提供了前所未有的基因组数据.
  • 了解病毒进化模式对于公共卫生干预至关重要,包括诊断,治疗和药物监督.

研究的目的:

  • 通过比较突变率,选择压力 (dN/dS比率) 和跨不同时间段和变异的过渡/转换比率来分析SARS-CoV-2的进化模式.
  • 从2020年1月到2022年12月,调查疫苗对7个国家的病毒演变的影响.

主要方法:

  • 收集并将SARS-CoV-2基因组序列分为疫苗接种前,疫苗接种后和最近阶段.
  • 在不同阶段和变种中比较突变率,dN/dS比率和Ti/Tv比率.
  • 使用的Graphpad未配对的t测试用于统计学显著性测试.

主要成果:

  • 在所有研究的国家中,基因组突变率在接种疫苗后和最近期间显著增加.
  • 疫苗接种后,特定基因 (NSP3,S,N,NSP12b,NSP4) 的突变率显著增加.
  • 接种后的选择压力从净化转变为中性选择,在不同基因和变异 (Omicron,Delta) 中观察到的变异.

结论:

  • 疫苗接种和时间显著影响了SARS-CoV-2的进化,导致突变率增加和选择压力改变.
  • 该研究提供了对基因组和蛋白质基因突变模式的大规模,时间分析,为SARS-CoV-2管理提供了关键的见解.
  • 这些发现强调了持续基因组监测对于理解和打击不断变化的病毒威胁的重要性.