了解他人的偏好:灵长类物种和人类社会之间的比较
Juliane Kaminski1, Roman Stengelin2,3, Antje Girndt4
1Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
PloS one
|January 17, 2024
概括
跨越不同文化的人类儿童可以根据偏好预测别人的食物选择. 这种从偏好中推断选择的能力似乎是人类在研究的大猿中独有的.
科学领域:
- 进化心理学 进化心理学
- 比较认知能力的比较
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
背景情况:
- 了解思维理论 (ToM) 对社会认知至关重要.
- 以前的研究已经在儿童和非人类灵长类动物中探索了ToM,但基于偏好推断的跨文化和跨物种比较是有限的.
研究的目的:
- 为了调查儿童和非人类大猿是否可以根据食物偏好预测其他人的选择.
- 确定这种能力是否在人类中具有文化普遍性,并且存在于其他类人猿中.
- 检查个人是否考虑竞争对手的偏好,即使他们与自己的偏好相冲突.
主要方法:
- 对纳米比亚,德国和萨摩亚的儿童 (N=71,5-11岁) 和包括黑猩猩,红猩猩,大猩猩和猩猩在内的非人类大猿 (N=25,7-29岁) 进行了二次性食物回收任务.
- 参与者的选择在条件下被评估,他们的偏好与竞争对手的偏好一致或相反.
- 分析了行为,看看参与者是否根据竞争对手已知的偏好调整了他们的选择.
主要成果:
- 三个社会中的孩子都表现出了预测竞争对手的选择的能力,他们根据竞争对手的食物偏好调整了自己的选择.
- 非人类大猿始终根据自己的偏好做出选择,而不考虑竞争对手的偏好.
- 这表明跨文化中经常出现的人类能力,以偏好为基础,对他人的行为做出推断.
结论:
- 使用基于偏好的推断预测他人的选择的能力是一种强大的跨文化人类特征.
- 这种特定的社会认知方面似乎是独一无二的伟大猿家族内的人类.
- 未来的研究可以探索这种人类特有的社会认知技能的发展轨迹和进化起源.
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