美国法医科学的现状改善:从错误的定罪中吸取教训
1Forensic Studies, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
Forensic science review
|January 31, 2024
概括
由错误的定罪驱动的法医科学改进建议显示,在质量保证和DNA分析方面取得了进展. 在死亡调查和治理方面仍然存在差距,需要持续分配资源以继续推进.
科学领域:
- 法医科学 法医科学 法医科学
- 刑事司法 刑事司法 刑事司法
- 法律制度的完善 法律制度的完善
背景情况:
- 为了改善美国的法医科学,有许多建议存在,这些建议往往是由与有缺陷的证据相关的错误定罪引起的.
- 这些建议的实际实施和与现实世界刑事司法和实验室约束的协调得到了不充分的评估.
- 对进展的长期评估和识别法医科学改革中持续存在的挑战是有限的.
研究的目的:
- 评估有关法医学的主要报告 (DOJ,NAS,PCAST) 建议的实施情况.
- 评估这些建议与错误定罪的现实之间的一致性.
- 分析美国法医科学界改善工作的进展和剩余差距.
主要方法:
- 分析了司法部,国家科学院和总统科学技术顾问委员会的报告.
- 评估在美国法医科学界的建议实施情况.
- 评估建议,错误的定罪和科学/实践基础之间的联系.
主要成果:
- 成功的提案强调质量保证,标准和组织改进.
- 不太成功的提案往往涉及到大量的联邦资金申请,实施挑战或科学联系薄弱.
- 在标准化报告,证词,基础可靠性评估和DNA混合物解释方面取得了进展;在死亡调查,治理和标准实施方面仍然存在差距.
结论:
- 法医科学在标准化和可靠性评估方面取得了进展,但仍存在重大挑战,特别是在医学法律死亡调查和治理方面.
- 有效的资源配置,培训和能力测试至关重要,需要联邦和非联邦资金.
- 虽然通过法医科学改革解决错误定罪问题取得了进展,但持续努力和优先考虑是必不可少的.
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