脂肪和脂肪酸 - - 北欧2023年营养建议的范围审查
Kjetil Retterstøl1, Fredrik Rosqvist2
1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Food & nutrition research
|February 8, 2024
概括
食脂肪对健康有很大的影响. 用多不和脂肪取代和脂肪有利于心血管健康,并可能降低死亡率. 欧米茄-3脂肪酸与降低癌症风险和改善妊娠结果有关.
科学领域:
- 营养科学 营养科学
- 心血管健康 心血管健康
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
背景情况:
- 饮食中的脂肪成分是人类健康的关键决定因素.
- 现有研究对各种脂肪类型及其对健康的影响提出了复杂的发现.
- 系统性审查对于合成有关食脂肪和健康结果的证据至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 系统地审查和综合有关不同饮食脂肪对健康影响的证据.
- 评估总脂肪摄入量,和脂肪酸,多不和脂肪酸 (PUFA) 和反式脂肪酸 (TFAs) 对各种健康结果的影响.
- 评估饮食胆固醇和长链n-3PUFA在怀孕期间的作用.
主要方法:
- 进行了两次新的系统性审查 (SR) 并分析了21个合格的SR (qSR).
- 进行了文献搜索,确定了大约70个额外的SR,元分析和生物标志物研究.
- 综合了来自观察研究和临床试验的关于饮食脂肪摄入量和健康标志物的综合证据.
主要成果:
- 较低的总脂肪饮食与体重和血压降低有关.
- 将和脂肪酸 (SFAs) 替换为n-6PUFA,可以改善脂质概况,降低心血管疾病 (CVD) 风险,增强葡萄糖-胰岛素平衡.
- 长链n-3PUFA (EPA和DHA) 降低甘油三和心血管疾病风险;较高的总PUFA摄入量与较低的癌症死亡率有关.
- 转基因脂肪酸 (TFAs) 对血液脂质概况产生负面影响,并与心血管疾病和总死亡率的增加有关.
- 饮食中的胆固醇对血液胆固醇的影响是不确定的.
- 长链n-3PUFA在怀孕期间的摄入改善了妊娠时间和出生体重,降低了早产风险.
结论:
- 饮食中的脂肪成分在控制体重,血压和心血管健康方面发挥着至关重要的作用.
- 多不和脂肪酸,特别是n-3和n-6提供显著的健康益处,包括降低心血管疾病,2型糖尿病和某些癌症的风险.
- 由于它们对脂质谱和死亡率的不良影响,应限制转化脂肪酸的使用.
- 需要进一步的研究来澄清饮食中的胆固醇和特定脂肪酸对某些健康结果的影响.
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