布斯诉杰克逊妇女健康案对民事承诺法的潜在影响
1University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
American journal of law & medicine
|February 12, 2024
概括
多布斯决定可能会影响民事承诺法,可能会改变对非自愿精神健康治疗的要求. 这可能会影响个人自由和隐私权,在现代科学上借鉴历史实践.
科学领域:
- 法律研究 法律研究
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 心理健康法 心理健康法
背景情况:
- 美国最高法院的2022年多布斯裁决推翻了罗伊诉韦德案,影响了生殖权利,并引起了人们对其他基于隐私的先例的担忧.
- 由O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975) 确立的民事承诺法,要求证明精神疾病和非自愿承诺的危险性.
- 奥康纳的法律推理,强调个人自由和隐私,与罗伊诉韦德的基本原则有相似之处.
研究的目的:
- 探讨多布斯决定对民事承诺和精神病人的非自愿药物治疗的宪法参数的潜在负面影响.
- 分析罗伊诉韦德和奥康纳诉唐纳德森的法律推理之间的相似之处.
- 建议多布斯后的最高法院多数如何改变民事承诺法.
主要方法:
- 对最高法院判决进行比较法律分析,特别是多布斯诉杰克逊妇女健康案,罗诉韦德案和奥康纳诉唐纳德森案.
- 在原始主义法律分析中对历史依赖先例的审查.
- 探索基于历史精神健康实践的民事承诺法律标准的潜在转变.
主要成果:
- 多布斯判决强调历史分析可能会导致对奥康纳诉唐纳德森的重新评估,这可能会削弱对非自愿性承诺的保护.
- 按照多布斯的观点重新构想奥康纳,可能会大大改变公民承诺的要求.
- 潜在的结果包括扩大孕妇保护胎儿的公民承诺,以及放宽危险性标准.
结论:
- 民事承诺法的宪法基础在多布斯后的法律环境中可能是脆弱的.
- 依赖历史先例可能会导致采用过时且可能有害的心理健康实践.
- 为了保护个人自由和自主权,迫切需要对民事承诺保障措施进行重新审查.
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