变化与专业化:技术和生理变化的剂量时间效应在精英游泳运动员的发展中
Dennis-Peter Born1,2, Jenny Lorentzen3, Glenn Björklund4
1Swiss Swimming Federation, Section for High-Performance Sports, Bern, Switzerland. dennis.born@swiss-aquatics.ch.
BMC research notes
|February 14, 2024
概括
精英游泳运动员随着年龄的增长,专注于较少的冲击,自由泳和蝶是常见的组合. 早期的专业化在女性中更为普遍. 生理多样性也在向精英水平下降.
科学领域:
- 运动科学 运动科学 运动科学
- 游泳表现分析 游泳表现分析
背景情况:
- 关于专业化或多样性是否有利于精英表现的辩论仍在继续.
- 了解精英游泳运动员的最佳技术和生理多样性至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 确定国际级游泳所需的技术 (游泳冲击数) 和生理 (比赛距离数) 种类.
- 分析1,522,803个比赛结果,以确定精英游泳运动员发展的模式.
主要方法:
- 使用相关性分析来评估技术品种和游泳者排名之间的关系.
- 普森分布建模确定了特定年龄的中风要求和剂量-时间效应.
- 分析了1,522,803名游泳运动员的比赛结果,这些游泳运动员的目标是超过750个游泳积分.
主要成果:
- 排名更高的游泳者表现出较低的技术多样性,尽管效果大小小.
- 自由泳运动员最初在3-4次比赛中进行比赛,专注于12/13岁的3次,19/21岁的2次 (女性/男性).
- 女性通常比男性更早地专业化. 在高峰时代,自由泳和蝶运动经常结合在一起. 极端多样性 (1或5次) 早期降低精英成功的概率. 生理多样性在初级年龄达到顶峰,并在精英年龄下降到3个距离.
结论:
- 越来越多地专注于游泳的运动,这种模式在游泳者的整个职业生涯中都很明显.
- 最佳的技术和生理多样性在不同年龄段发生变化,精英层面的专业化趋势.
- 对女性的早期专业化和特定的中风组合 (自由风格/蝶) 与更高的排名有关.
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