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CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

151
Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
151
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

193
CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
193
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

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Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

4.3K
Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Naming Enantiomers02:21

Naming Enantiomers

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The naming of enantiomers employs the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules that involve assigning priorities to different substituent groups at a chiral center. Each enantiomer, being a distinct molecule, is assigned a unique name by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) rules, also called the R–S system. The prefix R- or S- attached to the chiral centers in an enantiomer is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the four substituents on the chiral center. The R–S system...
20.4K
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

195
Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
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Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

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欧洲疾病预防控制和预防中心 (EMCDDA) 的框架和实践指南,用于命名卡西诺.

Benedikt Pulver1,2, Svenja Fischmann1, Ana Gallegos3

  • 1State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany.

Drug testing and analysis
|February 23, 2024
PubMed
概括

已经开发了一个新的命名框架 cathinones,新精神活性物质 (NPS) 的一个主要组. 该系统为研究人员,法医专家和政策制定者确保了一致和易于理解的命名法.

关键词:
国家安全系统 (NPS) 是一个国家安全系统.卡西诺酸 (cathinones) 是一种有氧化物.预警系统的早期预警系统.统一化和化 统一化和化半系统的命名方式.

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Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
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Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
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科学领域:

  • 法医化学 法医化学
  • 药理学 药理学是指药理学的学科.
  • 药物政策 药物政策

背景情况:

  • 卡西诺因经常被推销为安非他命和可卡因等受控兴奋剂的合法替代品.
  • 作为新型精神活性物质 (NPS) 的第二大类别,欧洲毒品和药物成监测中心 (EMCDDA) 监测了近170种卡西诺.
  • 不一致和多样化的加丁命名惯例使识别和监管复杂化.

研究的目的:

  • 为了建立一个清晰,一致,和用户友好的命名框架,用于cathinones.
  • 为应用拟议的分类表提供实际示例.
  • 为了应对多样化和不断变化的加丁物质景观所带来的挑战.

主要方法:

  • 基于既定的命名原则,开发一个命名框架,重点是"cathinone"和"phenone"支架.
  • 制定明确的规则来衍生名称,包括主要名称和附加的替代词.
  • 考虑国际和欧盟立法规范的对加丁和结构类型的例外情况.

主要成果:

  • 已经制定了一项关于对加丁的一致命名的框架建议.
  • 该框架使用"cathinone"和"phenone"作为核心结构图案.
  • 提供了明确的规则,用于衍生名称,容纳替代和立法例外.

结论:

  • 拟议的命名框架提供了一种标准化的方法来识别和讨论加丁.
  • 这种一致性对于有效监测,研究和制定有关新精神活性物质的政策至关重要.
  • 该框架旨在改善法医科学家,临床医生,研究人员和决策者之间的沟通和理解.