大规模证据表明,单词可预测性对阅读时间的对数效应
Cory Shain1, Clara Meister2, Tiago Pimentel3
1Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
概括
人类语言理解包括理解单词的可预测性. 这项研究发现可预测性和处理难度之间存在对数关系,这表明概率推理发挥着关键作用.
科学领域:
- 认知科学 认知科学
- 心理语言学 心理语言学
- 计算语言学 计算语言学
背景情况:
- 实时语言理解涉及复杂含义的快速解码.
- 单词可预测性影响处理难度,但潜在的认知过程仍在争论中.
- 现有的理论提出线性 (预期处理) 或对数/超对数 (概率推理) 效应.
研究的目的:
- 研究语言理解中的可预测性效应背后的认知过程.
- 为了确定字的可预测性和处理需求之间的准确关系.
- 要区分预测处理和概率推理模型.
主要方法:
- 对六个大规模阅读数据集的分析.
- 使用各种统计语言模型估计下一个词的概率.
- 用先进的非线性回归技术建模阅读时间.
主要成果:
- 在数据集中观察到词语可预测性对处理难度的一致的对数效应.
- 这一发现支持了处理需求以对数方式扩展而具有可预测性的模型.
- 结果挑战了预测纯线性关系的理论.
结论:
- 概率推理是人类语言处理的关键组成部分.
- 语言理解的认知成本以对数的方式与单词可预测性相对应.
- 这项研究为推断在实时语言理解中的作用提供了强有力的经验支持.
相关概念视频
01:52Regression Toward the Mean
6.3K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
6.3K
01:27Language and Cognition
345
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
345
01:53Cause and Effect
10.9K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
10.9K
02:01Group Design
8.9K
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
8.9K
02:20Longitudinal Research
12.0K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
12.0K