全国轮胎磨损排放的综合方法:挑战和影响
Maria Polukarova1, Mattias Hjort2, Mats Gustafsson3
1Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Linköping (VTI), Box 8072, SE-402 78 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
The Science of the total environment
|March 2, 2024
概括
车辆轮胎磨损是微塑料污染和城市空气污染的重要来源. 这项研究使用详细的行驶里程方法改进了排放估计,揭示了乘用车的排放量较高,但瑞典的总体全国总量较低.
科学领域:
- 环境科学 环境科学
- 大气化学 大气化学
- 运输工程 运输工程
背景情况:
- 车辆轮胎磨损是环境微塑料和城市颗粒物空气污染的主要来源.
- 越来越多的车辆流量,重量,功率和电气化需要改进排放监测方法.
- 目前的排放估计依赖于里程或销售方法,需要更精细的方法.
研究的目的:
- 通过结合特定的排放因子和详细的里程数据来提高估计国家轮胎磨损排放的里程方法.
- 调查车辆重量和轮胎数量对乘用车和轻型车辆排放因子的影响.
- 用改进的里程方法计算和验证瑞典国家轮胎磨损排放量.
主要方法:
- 开发了一种改进的里程方法,使用自己的测量和文献数据来测量乘用车,轻型客车 (LDV),重型客车 (HDV) 和公共汽车的排放因子.
- 根据车辆重量和轮胎数量调整的排放因子,加上详细的里程统计数据.
- 通过基于销售方法的计算验证了精制的里程方法.
主要成果:
- 与之前的估计相比,改进的里程方法为瑞典带来了略低的全国轮胎磨损总排放量.
- 客车和轻型车辆的排放量更高,而重型车和摩托车的排放量低于此前的估计.
- 客车占总计计算轮胎磨损排放量的一半以上.
结论:
- 增强的里程框架提供了更详细的细节,用于调整特定车辆类别的轮胎磨损排放估计.
- 由于缺乏重型车辆的测量排放因子和里程统计数据的质量,仍然存在重大不确定性.
- 未来的研究应该专注于确定可靠的排放因子,特别是重型车,并调查环境和车队因素对轮胎磨损排放的影响.
相关概念视频
Rolling Resistance
291
When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down...
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down...
291
Dry Friction
388
Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
388
Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving
325
Rolling resistance, also known as rolling friction, is the force that resists the motion of a rolling object, such as a wheel, tire, or ball, when it moves over a surface. It is caused by the deformation of the object and the surface in contact with each other, as well as other factors like internal friction, hysteresis, and energy losses within the materials. Rolling resistance opposes the object's motion, requiring additional energy to overcome it and maintain movement. In practical...
325
Bearings: Problem Solving
282
Understanding the calculations and concepts related to double-collar bearings is essential for engineers and designers to optimize the performance of these components in various applications. By analyzing the bearing under different conditions, one can ensure that it can withstand the forces and moments experienced during operation. This knowledge enables better decision-making when designing and selecting bearings for specific purposes and configurations. Consider a double-collar bearing with...
282
Friction: Problem Solving
226
Friction is an essential force that influences the motion of objects in daily life. Depending on the situation, it can be either beneficial or problematic. Consider a bus with a mass of three megagrams and its center of mass at a specific point, moving along a banked road at a constant speed. The coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road is 0.5. Find the maximum angle of the banked road at which the bus would not slip or tip.
Initially, a visual representation of the...
Initially, a visual representation of the...
226
Fatigue
181
Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
181


