1919-21年格陵兰的流感大流行 在格陵兰的流感大流行
Mathias Mølbak Ingholt1,2, Lone Simonsen1, Svenn-Erik Mamelund3
1PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
International journal of circumpolar health
|March 6, 2024
概括
1918年流感大流行在格陵兰造成了大量死亡,死亡率为5.2%. 然而,它的影响不如阿拉斯加那么严重,与格陵兰的其他死亡危机相比,它不是独一无二的.
科学领域:
- 流行病学 流行病学
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 历史人口统计 历史人口统计
背景情况:
- 1918-1920年流感大流行,被称为西班牙流感,在全球范围内产生了毁灭性的影响,在阿拉斯加等北极地区报告的死亡率特别高.
- 在不同的北极地区观察到死亡率的变化,这表明区域因素影响了流行病的影响.
研究的目的:
- 调查格陵兰岛1918-1921年流感大流行的时间和特定年龄的死亡率模式.
- 为了比较大流行病在格陵兰的死亡率影响与其他流行病和1889-1892年大流行病.
- 分析在格陵兰岛疫情期间过度死亡的时空模式.
主要方法:
- 从格陵兰国家档案馆 (1880-1921) 获取和转录死亡记录,包括年龄,地理位置和死亡原因.
- 估计了每月的过度死亡率和分析了1918-1921年大流行的时空趋势.
- 在40年的时间里,将流行病死亡率模式与其他死亡率危机进行了比较.
主要成果:
- 流感大流行在1919年夏天到达格陵兰,由于航运中断,延迟了一年.
- 据估计,大约5.2%的格陵兰人口死于大流行,县级差异很大 (0.1%至11%).
- 没有观察到典型的流行病年龄模式的高年轻人死亡率,可能是由于高基线死亡率或偏远.
结论:
- 尽管死亡率很高,但1918年流感大流行对格陵兰的影响与该地区其他死亡危机相比并不特别高.
- 格陵兰岛的流行病死亡人数的影响远低于阿拉斯加人口报告的破坏.
- 延迟抵达和潜在不同的基线死亡率模式等因素可能影响了格陵兰岛的流行病影响.
相关概念视频
00:57Viral Recombination
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
01:51Vaccinations
Overview
02:28Leaky Scanning
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
01:28Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence
Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
01:27Influenza
Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
01:25Inhibitors Of Virion Release
Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...