生物合成的酒精形成途径在 bryophytes 中的不同演变
Alisa Keyl1, Cornelia Herrfurth1,2, Garima Pandey3
1Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.
The New phytologist
|March 19, 2024
概括
植物皮膜生物合成在非血管植物 (如肝和) 之间有所不同,与开花植物不同. 乙烯和酒精生产的关键酶在Marchantia polymorpha和Physcomitrium patens中发挥着不同的作用.
科学领域:
- 植物生物学 植物生物学
- 生物化学 生物化学
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
背景情况:
- 植物皮膜是一种疏水屏障,对陆地植物的生存至关重要.
- 皮质生物合成在芽植物中得到了很好的研究,但在非血管植物中理解得很少.
研究的目的:
- 调查肝草Marchantia polymorpha和的皮质生物合成基因的存在和功能.
- 为了比较 bryophytes 和 angiosperms 之间的皮质生物合成途径的保存.
主要方法:
- 在M. polymorpha和P. patens.中鉴定和描述Arabidopsis thaliana脂肪乙烯-CoA减少酶 (AtCER4) 和乙烯合成酶/乙烯-CoA:二甲醇乙烯转移酶1 (AtWSD1) 的同类物.
- 通过淘汰突变的基因功能分析,以评估它们对形状的影响.
主要成果:
- PpFAR2A和PpFAR2B参与P. patens的初级酒精生产,而MpFAR2对M. polymorpha的形状没有显著影响.
- MpWSD1是M. polymorpha中产生 Ester的主要酶,而PpWSD1突变不会改变P. patens.中的 Ester水平.
结论:
- 在M. polymorpha和P. patens之间,以及在植物和血管精子之间,皮层生物合成途径并未完全保存.
- 形成初级酒精和 Ester 的酶可能已经独立地进化了多次,或者在陆地植物中经历了谱系特定的多样化.
相关概念视频
02:29Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis
10.4K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
10.4K
02:15Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions
6.2K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
6.2K
02:35Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes
19.6K
In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
19.6K
01:38Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions
5.8K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
5.8K
03:08Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
8.2K
In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
8.2K
01:14Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation
5.5K
This lesson delves into the aldol condensation catalyzed by bases, where aldols undergo dehydration to enals. As shown in Figure 1, the β-hydroxy aldehyde formed in a base-catalyzed aldol addition reaction dehydrates on heating to yield an unsaturated carbonyl product, which is commonly referred to as an enal.
5.5K