新鲜事物是否会影响食尸猎人的食决策?
Debottam Bhattacharjee1,2,3, Shubhra Sau2,4, Jayjit Das2,5
1Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong.
PeerJ
|March 25, 2024
概括
无论是成年人还是幼犬,自由散步的狗都会探索新的物体而不是熟悉的物体,这表明缺乏新恐惧症. 这种减少的新恐惧症有助于它们在城市环境中清理和食.
科学领域:
- 伦理学 伦理学 伦理学
- 动物行为 动物行为
- 生态生态学 生态生态学
背景情况:
- 环境知识对于动物的生存至关重要,探索是由食物和住所等需求驱动的.
- 新恐惧症 (避免新的刺激) 可以阻碍探索,尽管降低了掠夺风险,但可能会限制获得有益资源的机会.
- 在城市环境中自由放牧的狗面临着较低的掠食性,但从食中获益,这表明对资源发现的新恐惧症进行选择.
研究的目的:
- 调查在野狗 (Canis familiaris) 中的对象恐惧症,在一个清理环境中.
- 为了确定年龄 (成年人与青少年) 是否影响在寻找食物期间对新奇物体的新恐惧反应.
- 了解新恐惧症在城市生活犬的食决策中的作用.
主要方法:
- 对象选择实验对259只自由散居的狗 (成年和幼犬) 进行.
- 给狗们展示了一种熟悉的物体和一种新鲜的物体,这两种物体都含有隐藏的食物奖励.
- 记录了对象检查时间和偏好,并测试了用于验证的嗅觉线索的变化.
主要成果:
- 成犬和幼犬都显著更喜欢检查新物体而不是熟悉的物体.
- 这种偏好甚至在食物部分可见时也存在,嗅觉暗示强度并没有改变检查模式.
- 检查延迟没有发现显著差异,这表明在勘探中需要一定程度的谨慎.
结论:
- 自由散居的狗从小就表现出极少的对象恐惧症,他们更喜欢新鲜的食物而不是熟悉的食物来源.
- 城市狗缺乏新恐惧症,有利于探索和寻找新的食物资源.
- 减少新恐惧症为在人类主导的环境中自由散居的狗提供了适应性的好处,引导它们的食决策.
相关概念视频
01:05Instinctive Drift
214
Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
214
02:39Predator-Prey Interactions
16.2K
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
16.2K
02:30Naturalistic Observations
15.4K
If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
15.4K
01:32What is Natural Selection?
115.1K
Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
115.1K
01:21Frequency-dependent Selection
22.0K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
22.0K
01:46Types of Selection
40.4K
Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
40.4K