贫困和社会经济地位对大脑,行为和发展的影响:一个统一的框架
Eid Abo Hamza1,2, Richard Tindle3, Simon Pawlak4
1College of Education, Humanities & Social Sciences, 289293 Al Ain University , 64141, Al Jimi, UAE.
Reviews in the neurosciences
|April 12, 2024
概括
贫困和低社会经济地位 (SES) 对大脑发育产生负面影响,影响皮质和海马体等区域,导致行为和教育挑战. 干预措施应解决幼儿时期的神经系统的这些变化,以打破贫困的循环.
科学领域:
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 社会经济研究 社会经济研究
背景情况:
- 许多研究将低社会经济地位 (SES) 与大脑和行为变化联系起来.
- 现有的研究经常单独检查神经,行为和教育影响.
- 需要一个统一的框架来理解贫困影响的相互联系.
研究的目的:
- 提供对贫困对大脑和行为影响的全面概述和统一框架.
- 整合现有的关于神经,行为和教育结果的发现.
- 突出贫困,大脑发育和行为的相互关联性.
主要方法:
- 系统审查和综合现有文献.
- 结合来自神经科学,心理学和教育的发现.
- 开发一个概念框架,将SES,大脑发育和行为联系起来.
主要成果:
- 贫困和低SES与营养不良,护理人员压力和环境危害有关.
- 这些因素会影响大脑关键区域 (皮质,海马体,杏仁体) 和神经递质的发育.
- 脑功能受损与语言延迟,学习,学业表现差以及精神病理障碍相关.
结论:
- 贫困和低SES创造了一个恶性循环,影响大脑发育,并使不利地位永久化.
- 儿童早期的干预应同时针对经济援助和神经异常.
- 识别贫困导致的早期大脑变化对于促进经济公平至关重要.
相关概念视频
01:30Biological Influences on Intelligence
96
Intelligence is often thought to be linked to brain size, but the relationship is more complex than that. While brain size does correlate modestly with some abilities, like verbal skills, the connection is weaker for others, such as spatial reasoning. Other factors, like brain structure, also play crucial roles. For instance, despite Einstein's smaller-than-average brain, his parietal cortex, which is involved in spatial reasoning, was 15% wider, suggesting that neural density might matter...
96
01:29Environmental Influences on Intelligence
285
Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children...
285
01:27Language and Cognition
343
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
343
01:30Information Processing Approach
34
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
34
01:30Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development
29
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
29
01:30Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality
530
Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
530