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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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多样化和丰富的菌体利用结合性质粒.

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概括

针对IncP和IncF等离子体的新型等离子体依赖性菌体在废水中很常见. 这些菌体,大多是非正规类型的菌体,如tectiviruses,对于理解细菌进化和水平基因转移至关重要.

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科学领域:

  • 微生物学 微生物学
  • 病毒学 病毒学
  • 进化生物学 进化生物学

背景情况:

  • 菌体 (菌体) 是感染细菌的病毒,通过细胞表面相互作用影响细菌进化.
  • 大多数菌体使用细菌染色体结构作为受体,但等离子体依赖的菌体利用等离子体编码的蛋白质,将其宿主范围与等离子体的移动性联系起来.
  • 塑依赖性菌体的表征是有限的,尽管他们的生物技术潜力和独特的生物学.

研究的目的:

  • 系统地发现和描述针对IncP和IncF等离子体的新型等离子体依赖菌体.
  • 在环境样本中调查这些菌体的遗传多样性和丰富性.
  • 了解等离子体依赖的菌体在限制水平基因转移中的进化作用.

主要方法:

  • 利用一个有针对性的发现平台,从废水样本中分离菌体.
  • 采用基因组和遗传学分析来表征分离的菌体.
  • 研究了菌体与宿主相互作用和受体使用,包括菌体荷林蛋白的作用.

主要成果:

  • 确定了针对IncP和IncF等离子体的等离子体依赖性菌体,这些等离子体在废水中很常见和丰富.
  • 发现大多数孤立的菌体 (65/66) 是非正规类型,包括tectiviruses,ssDNA丝状菌体和ssRNA菌体.
  • 在与荷林蛋白差异相关的等离子体依赖性构造病毒中显示出显著的宿主范围变化,并发现这些菌体在元病毒学分析中经常被遗漏.

结论:

  • 等离子体依赖的菌体是一个基本上尚未探索和遗传多样化的群体,在废水环境中普遍存在.
  • 基于培养的菌体发现仍然是必不可少的,因为许多依赖等离子体的菌体,特别是毒虫病毒,无法通过当前的metaviromic方法检测到.
  • 这些菌体在调节由结合性等离子体介导的水平基因转移方面发挥着重要的,但被低估的作用.