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相关概念视频

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

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Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ  from the mean, μ  is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value =...
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Problem-Solving01:29

Problem-Solving

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Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:
163
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
37.6K
Trial and Error and Algorithm01:12

Trial and Error and Algorithm

112
A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations
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Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

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在不可预测和赢得胜利方面.

Carsten K W De Dreu1, Jörg Gross2, Andrea Arciniegas1

  • 1Institute of Psychology, Leiden University.

Journal of personality and social psychology
|April 22, 2024
PubMed
概括

竞争对手在战略上使用不可预测的行为,比如改变敌意和友好,以获得优势. 冲突中的这种不可预测性,由渴望获胜所驱动,为所有参与者带来了巨大的福利成本.

科学领域:

  • 行为经济学是一种行为经济学.
  • 心理学 心理学 心理学
  • 游戏理论 游戏理论

背景情况:

  • 竞争对手可能会从不可预测的策略中获益,但对其应用和影响的经验证据是有限的.
  • 了解竞争对手如何以及为什么在冲突中使用不可预测性对于分析竞争动态至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 调查不可预测的竞争战略的经验现实.
  • 探索攻击者-防御者比赛中不可预测性的驱动因素和后果.
  • 确定不可预测的冲突行为的动机基础和福利影响.

主要方法:

  • 重新分析了九项实验 (N=650) 检查了主动攻击和反应性防御的变化.
  • 实验研究 (N=200) 评估可变性对可预测性的影响.
  • 荷尔蒙分析 () 和生理测量 (交感兴奋) 在N=27和N=106.6的研究中.

主要成果:

  • 观察到明显的交叉试验变异性,特别是在主动攻击中.
  • 增加的可变性增加了攻击者和防御者的不可预测性,特别是当偶尔的极端投资驱动时.
  • 竞赛前的丸激素水平与攻击变异性相关,导致防御者的兴奋和变异性增加.

结论:

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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

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  • 冲突中的不可预测性不仅仅是为了最大化财富,而是源于"不惜一切代价赢得胜利"的心态.
  • 这种对不可预测性的追求导致了赢家和输家的大量福利成本.
  • 这些发现突出了竞争互动中战略,动机和生理因素的复杂相互作用.