认知能力是否会降低目击者对错误信息效应的敏感性? 一个系统的审查
Maryanne Brassil1, Cian O'Mahony2, Ciara M Greene3
1School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. maryanne.brassil@ucdconnect.ie.
Psychonomic bulletin & review
|May 2, 2024
概括
更高的认知能力,包括一般智力,推理,感知和记忆,可以减少对目击者记忆中的错误信息效应的易感性. 这表明认知技能在记忆准确性和法律证据可靠性方面发挥着作用.
科学领域:
- 认知心理学 认知心理学
- 法医心理学 法医心理学
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
背景情况:
- 目击者证词在法律诉讼中至关重要,但容易受到错误信息效应的影响,即事件后的信息会扭曲记忆.
- 情节性记忆的重建性质有助于这种扭曲,引发了对证据可靠性的担忧.
- 认知能力的个体差异可能会影响对错误信息的易感性,这表明涉及非插曲性记忆机制.
研究的目的:
- 审查和综合研究,研究认知能力的个体差异和成年人对错误信息效应的敏感性之间的关联.
- 识别特定的认知能力,可以防止目击者的记忆扭曲.
主要方法:
- 对九项符合条件的研究进行了叙事综合.
- 分析了认知能力和错误信息易感性之间的23个不同的关联.
- 该审查重点关注18岁及以上的成年人.
主要成果:
- 发现有三个类别的认知能力会影响错误信息的易受影响:一般智力和推理,感知能力和记忆能力.
- 这些认知能力的较高水平通常与对错误信息的敏感性降低有关.
- 没有一个单一的认知特征赋予完全的免疫力,但几种能力解释了个体的敏感性差异.
结论:
- 认知能力显著调节一个人对目击者记忆中的错误信息效应的脆弱性.
- 一般智力,推理,感知和记忆能力似乎提供了对记忆扭曲的保护性好处.
- 需要进一步的研究来阐明这些认知能力减轻错误信息影响的确切机制,例如改进编码,差异检测和源监控.
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