概括
在大卫·莱肯肯 (David Lykken) 逝世50年后.
科学领域:
- 心理生理学 心理生理学
- 法医心理学 法医心理学
- 应用心理学应用心理学
背景情况:
- 戴维·莱肯 (David Lykken) 1974年的分析挑战了应用的谎言检测,敦促学术审查.
- 50年来,多识别式审讯方法一直是心理学和心理生理学的焦点.
研究的目的:
- 为了检查过去半个世纪的多谎探查技术的演变和现状.
- 评估学术批评对测谎仪实践的影响.
主要方法:
- 审查三个测谎仪技术的现状和演变:比较 (控制) 问题测试 (CQT),选测试和隐藏信息技术 (CIT).
- 分析学术批评对这些方法的实践和应用的影响.
主要成果:
- 对CQT和查测试的批评加剧了,但对实践的影响很小,在政府查和性犯罪者中使用率增加.
- 尽管有学术上的兴趣,但科学上可以辩护的隐藏信息技术 (CIT) 在现场的应用是可以忽略的.
- 多识别仪审讯继续优先考虑承认和自白,尽管理论和研究基础较弱,但政府支持维持这种做法.
结论:
- 测谎仪测试的实践,特别是CQT和查,尽管存在大量的学术批评和薄弱的科学基础,但仍然存在.
- 政府的支持是维持测谎仪使用现状的关键因素,阻碍了基于证据的进展.
- 虽然隐藏信息技术 (CIT) 显示出科学前景,但其实际应用仍然有限.
相关概念视频
02:40The Scientific Method
59.4K
Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate. In the scientific community, facts can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.
59.4K
01:18False Memories
86
False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
86
01:22Self-Report Tests of Personality
340
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
340
01:29Introduction to Personality Psychology
16.6K
Personality encompasses a set of enduring traits and behavioral patterns that define how individuals think, feel, and interact, ultimately shaping their unique identities. The concept of personality has deep historical roots, deriving from the Latin term "persona," which means "mask." This term initially referred to the roles played by actors in ancient theater, signifying the different facets individuals display in various contexts.
Early Theories of Personality
The study of...
Early Theories of Personality
The study of...
16.6K
01:22Eyewitness Memory
106
Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function...
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function...
106
01:20Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
382
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
382