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相关概念视频

Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Meristems and Plant Growth02:36

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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相关实验视频

Updated: May 8, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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人类发育皮层中的监管元素的大规模并行表征

Chengyu Deng1,2, Sean Whalen3, Marilyn Steyert4,5,6,7,8,9

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 23, 2024
PubMed
概括

这项研究绘制了人类大脑中的基因调节元件,确定了成千上万种影响神经元发育和疾病的活性增强剂和变体. 大脑器官有效地模拟发育中的皮质.

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Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers MADM
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相关实验视频

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科学领域:

  • 遗传学
  • 神经科学
  • 发育生物学

背景情况:

  • 基因调节元件中的核酸变化显著影响神经元发育和相关疾病.
  • 了解这些元素对于破译大脑功能和病理学至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 综合地绘制和描述人类发育中的 cis-regulatory 元素及其变体.
  • 验证使用大脑器官作为研究人类皮质发育的模型.

主要方法:

  • 在人类皮质细胞和大脑器官上进行了大量的并行测试.
  • 分析了超过10万个开放的染色体区域,包括特定细胞类型和与疾病相关的序列.
  • 使用深度学习模型来解码增强剂活性的序列决定因素和调控因素.

主要成果:

  • 在原始细胞中确定了46,802个活性增强剂序列.
  • 发现了164种可显著改变增强剂活性的变种.
  • 在大脑器官和原发皮质细胞中表现出相似的调节元素活性.

结论:

  • 大脑器官可以作为研究人类皮质发育的有效模型.
  • 这项工作提供了对人类神经元发育至关重要的功能基因调节元素和变异的全面目录.
  • 这些发现为大脑发育和神经疾病的遗传基础提供了洞察力.