从中年开始的性别家长-就业差距:在三个不同的福利制度中,人口统计学观点
Angelo Lorenti1,2, Jessica Nisén3,4, Letizia Mencarini5
1Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany. lorenti@demogr.mpg.de.
概括
女人 女人 女人 女人 女人
科学领域:
- 社会学 社会学 社会学
- 经济学 经济学 经济学
- 人口统计学 人口统计学
背景情况:
- 尽管西方国家女性劳动力参与率增加,但性别就业差距仍然很大,特别是对于父母来说.
- 父母对就业轨迹的长期影响,尤其是在生育年龄之外,需要进一步调查.
研究的目的:
- 根据父母身份 (平等) 和教育,对女性和男性中年就业轨迹 (40-74岁) 进行比较分析.
- 检查国家背景 (芬兰,意大利,美国) 对性别父母与就业差距的影响.
主要方法:
- 利用基于多州发病率的生命表来分解生活的年份到就业,失业和退休.
- 在三个不同的国家采用了一种新的比较方法:芬兰,意大利和美国.
主要成果:
- 在就业年数和性别差异中观察到显著的跨国差异,受教育水平的严重影响.
- 在芬兰,就业增长与两性平等,显示了很小的性别差距. 美国表现出更平坦的平等就业关系,两个或两个以上孩子的母亲出现了差距. 意大利显示,女性就业率急剧下降,男女就业比例增加,与男性就业率上升形成鲜明对比.
- 与美国和意大利的受教育程度较低的母亲相比,受过高等教育的母亲的性别差距较小. 没有孩子的人的就业轨迹在不同国家之间有很大差异.
结论:
- 教育是缓解与父母关系有关的性别就业差距的关键因素,在不同的国家背景下.
- 国家政策和文化规范在很大程度上影响了父母对男女的长期就业后果.
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