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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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更年期荷尔蒙疗法,一个常见的主题:关于女性经验和医生方法的试点调查

Carmen Imma Aquino1, Viviana Stampini1, Elena Osella1

  • 1Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Gynecology and Obstetrics, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|May 25, 2024
PubMed
概括

绝经期使用激素替代疗法 (HRT) 的比例较低,许多女性满意,但缺乏专业指导. 改善患者和医生的沟通对于有效的更年期管理至关重要.

关键词:
内分泌和血管运动障碍荷尔蒙替代疗法治疗的治疗方法更年期 绝经 绝经

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Menopause01:28

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
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Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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