监狱状态,社会混乱,以及芝加哥的枪支杀人事件
Michael Poulson1, Kian Riley1, Maha Haqqani1
1Department of Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
JAMA surgery
|June 5, 2024
概括
大规模监禁与黑人社区枪支杀人事件的增加有关,由单亲家庭调解. 解决监禁差异可能会减少城市枪支暴力.
科学领域:
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 犯罪学 犯罪学
- 社会学 社会学 社会学
背景情况:
- 枪支杀人率的种族差异仍然存在,黑人和其他少数群体受到不成比例的影响.
- 美国的大规模监禁,由不同的判决驱动,不成比例地影响少数群体.
- 社会混乱理论表明,与监禁相关的不稳定性加剧了犯罪率.
研究的目的:
- 为了检查在芝加哥种族特定的监禁率和种族特定的枪支杀人率之间的关联.
- 调查社会脆弱性和家庭不稳定的调解角色在这个协会.
主要方法:
- 使用芝加哥凶杀案数据 (2001-2019) 进行了回顾性队列设计的横截面研究.
- 2010年人口普查区块级人口统计数据和来自机遇地图的种族特定监禁率.
- 通过社会脆弱性指数和单亲家庭评估调解的结构方程建模.
主要成果:
- 黑人特定的监禁率与黑人特定的枪支杀人率有显著的关联 (IRR,1.70).
- 在西班牙裔或白人监禁率方面没有发现显著的关联.
- 单亲家庭的百分比介绍了黑人监禁和枪支杀人事件之间的23%的关联;社会脆弱性没有介绍这种关系.
结论:
- 更高的监禁率与枪支杀人事件的增加有关,特别是在黑人社区.
- 单亲家庭所表明的家庭不稳定性,部分调解了这种关联,支持了社会混乱理论.
- 针对大规模监禁及其种族差异的政策可能有助于减少城市枪支暴力.
相关概念视频
02:12Relationship Formation
40.0K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
40.0K
01:16Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence
3.6K
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
H0: The two variables (factors)...
3.6K
01:28Conduct Disorder
31
Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
31
01:29Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia
83
Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
83
02:16Stereotype Content Model
14.7K
The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
14.7K
01:53Cause and Effect
10.9K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
10.9K