在短期太空飞行期间,对宿主微生物组结构和免疫反应进行了纵向多组学分析
Braden T Tierney1,2, JangKeun Kim1,2, Eliah G Overbey1,2,3,4
1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Nature microbiology
|June 11, 2024
概括
宇航员在太空中经历了短暂的微生物群变化,长期的口腔细菌变化与免疫反应有关. 这项研究将为未来航天任务的健康策略提供信息.
科学领域:
- 微生物学 微生物学
- 太空医学 太空医学
- 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
背景情况:
- 宇航员健康监测,包括微生物组分析,对于长期太空飞行至关重要.
- 任务限制限制在太空任务期间限制了全面的微生物组概况.
- 了解人类微生物组对太空飞行的反应对于机组人员的福祉至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 在短期太空飞行期间纵向量化高分辨率的人类微生物群和免疫反应.
- 在多个身体部位的时间依赖,多王国微生物变化的特征.
- 调查微生物组变化与免疫细胞基因表达之间的相关性.
主要方法:
- 一项为期六个月的纵向研究,涉及四个人在轨道上飞行前,飞行期间和飞行后三天.
- 配对的元基因组学和元转录组学用于全面的微生物分析.
- 单核免疫细胞分析,以评估宿主免疫反应.
- 分析了8个时间点的10个尸体部位的750个样本.
主要成果:
- 大多数微生物组变化是身体各部位的短暂变化,在飞行期间在皮肤上观察到病毒增加.
- 在口腔微生物群中检测到更长期的转变,包括斑块相关细菌 (例如,Fusobacteriota) 的增加.
- 与菌体活动,毒素-抗毒素系统和应激反应相关的微生物基因的丰富,在多个身体部位被注意到.
- 口腔微生物组的变化与免疫细胞基因表达的变化相关.
结论:
- 短期太空飞行诱导了宇航员的动态,多王国微生物组和免疫反应转移.
- 口腔微生物组的改变可能会产生持久的影响,并且与宿主免疫反应有关.
- 这些发现为指导未来航天任务,航天器设计和息地规划提供了关键数据,以支持宇航员健康.
相关概念视频
01:22Introduction to the Human Microbiota
Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
01:30Development of Human Microbiota
The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
01:29Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract
The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
01:27Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
01:27Microbiota of the Large Intestine
The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
01:21Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics
Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...