在多昆虫中替代阶段的遗传决定
1Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Evolution & development
|June 13, 2024
概括
昆虫的发育依赖于关键的基因,如时间不适当的变形 (chinmo),广泛复杂 (br) 和Ecdysone可诱导蛋白93 (E93). 它们表达的变化推动了各种昆虫形式和生命史的演变.
科学领域:
- 发展生物学 发展生物学
- 进化生物学 进化生物学
- 昆虫内分泌学 昆虫内分泌学
背景情况:
- 昆虫的变形涉及复杂的内分泌和遗传调节.
- 特定阶段的转录因子,如宽复合体 (br) 和埃克迪松诱导蛋白93 (E93) 决定幼和成年阶段.
- 时间学上不合适的变形 (chinmo) 是一种新发现的幼虫决定因素.
研究的目的:
- 探索一种假设,即chinmo,br和E93表达的变化是昆虫多的基础.
- 研究这些基因的表达变化如何有助于昆虫形式的进化新性.
- 了解chinmo,br和E93基因调节对进化途径的限制.
主要方法:
- 审查现有关于昆虫变形和基因调节的研究.
- 对转录因子表达模式 (chinmo,br,E93) 与发育过渡有关的分析.
- 在各种各样的昆虫多性中对基因表达的比较分析.
主要成果:
- 在chinmo,br和E93中,有四种表达变化与新的昆虫形式有关:异常变化,扩张/收缩,组织特异性表达和重新部署.
- 激素调节 (青春激素,雌激素) 和相互抑制控制着chinmo,br和E93的表达.
- 昆虫的发育阶段作为受进化力量影响的模块化单元.
结论:
- 在chinmo,br和E93基因表达的时间,持续时间和位置上的变化是昆虫进化多样化的基础.
- 了解这些遗传机制,可以深入了解昆虫生命史的演变,包括社会昆虫种姓和新基因.
- 昆虫的发育阶段在进化上是可塑的,为适应和新形式的出现提供了基质.
相关概念视频
02:27Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
6.5K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
6.5K
02:32Position-effect Variegation
6.3K
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
6.3K
02:45The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes
8.5K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
8.5K
02:04Polytene Chromosomes
10.0K
Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
10.0K
01:07Speciation Rates
21.2K
Overview
21.2K
02:16Genetics of Speciation
19.2K
Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
19.2K