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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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CpG岛屿周转事件预测增强器活动的进化变化.

Acadia A Kocher1,2, Emily V Dutrow1,3, Severin Uebbing1,4

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.

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概括

CpG岛 (CGI) 周转率推动了基因调控进化和哺乳动物的生物多样性. 特定物种的CGI与独特的增强剂活性和基因表达有关,有助于特征进化.

关键词:
进行比较的基因组学.基因调节 基因调节孤岛的CpG岛屿是一个孤岛.转录增强剂的演变

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科学领域:

  • 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
  • 基因组学就是基因组学.
  • 分子生物学分子生物学

背景情况:

  • 转录增强剂的遗传变化会影响物种多样性.
  • 核酸替代,转换,和indels改变增强器的功能.
  • CpG岛屿 (CGI) 的影响增强剂活动,促使人们对其进化作用进行调查.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究CpG岛屿 (CGI) 跨物种的周转如何有助于增强进化.
  • 为了确定CGI含量和增强剂活性之间的关联.
  • 探索CGI周转在基因调控创新和特征进化中的作用.

主要方法:

  • 在九种哺乳动物物种中整合CGI地图和增强剂活性质素修饰.
  • 分析CGI的营业额和物种特定的CGI在增强剂中的丰富.
  • 对与具有特定物种CGI的增强剂相关的基因的基因表达分析.
  • 使用人性化的小鼠模型研究特定的人类增益增强剂 (HGE).

主要成果:

  • 增强剂中的CGI含量与增加的基因组修饰水平相关.
  • 在物种之间观察到广泛的CGI周转,与物种特定的CGI与物种特定的增强剂活性相关.
  • 与特定物种的CGI相关的基因显示一致的表达偏差,表明监管创新.
  • CGI的营业额与人类增益增强剂 (HGE) 的演变有关,可能有助于人类特有的特征.

结论:

  • CpG岛 (CGI) 周转是哺乳动物进化中基因调节变化的关键机制.
  • 这一过程有助于生物多样性和物种特有的特征的演变.
  • CGI的营业额在独特的哺乳动物特征的发展中发挥着作用,包括人类特有的特征.