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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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01:52Regression Toward the Mean
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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01:22Self-Report Tests of Personality
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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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01:47Aggression
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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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02:45Self-Discrepancy Theory
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
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02:08Trait and State Self-Esteem
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The term self-esteem is often used generically, to refer to how people feel about themselves. However, according to research, there are three distinct constructs that should not be used interchangeably (Brown & Marshall, 2006).
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相关实验视频
Updated: Jun 24, 2025
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A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
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澄清特征攻击和自我控制之间的关系,使用随机项目斜率回归.
Samuel J West1,2, Nicholas D Thomson2
1Department of Psychology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA.
Journal of personality
|June 14, 2024
概括
关于自我控制和侵略的相互矛盾的发现可能源于未计数的随机项目斜率. 对这些斜率的解释揭示了特征攻击性和自我控制之间的更复杂,有时是积极的关系.
科学领域:
- 心理学 心理学 心理学
- 量化心理学 量化心理学
背景情况:
- 以前的研究经常显示,自我控制与侵略之间存在负面关联.
- 最近的文献表明一个更复杂的,潜在的积极的关系.
- 测量模型中的统计文物可能会产生相互矛盾的结果.
研究的目的:
- 为了调查自我控制与特征侵略方面分享随机物品斜率的假设.
- 为了确定未计数的随机项的斜率是否有助于侵略-自我控制研究中的I型错误.
主要方法:
- 使用随机项目斜率回归分析.
- 采用了巴斯-佩里调查问卷来检测特征攻击性.
- 用简短的自我控制量表来评估自我控制.
- 样本的大小 (N=1386).
主要成果:
- 在特征侵略方面和自我控制方面之间发现了显著的共享随机项目斜率.
- 许多这些共同的斜率都是正面的,与更简单的负面关联相矛盾.
- 忽视随机斜率的模型显示了I型错误通货膨胀.
结论:
- 分享的随机项目斜率可能解释了侵略-自我控制文献中的不一致性.
