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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
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基于COPt合金的高效轨道轨道电磁发射.

Yongshan Liu1,2,3, Yong Xu1,2, Albert Fert4

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 19, 2024
PubMed
概括

研究人员开发了一种更有效的方法,使用-白金 (CoPt) 合金产生轨道电流,从而产生更强的太赫兹发射. 这一突破增强了开发先进轨道太赫兹发射器的潜力.

关键词:
弹道性脱凝度长度 弹道性脱凝度长度有效的轨道太赫兹发射器.轨道到电荷转换转换.

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科学领域:

  • 材料科学 材料科学 材料科学
  • 凝聚物质物理学 凝聚物质物理学
  • 光电学是指光电子产品.

背景情况:

  • 轨道电子设备利用轨道极化电流进行操作.
  • 目前的方法通过激光激发轨道电流,但在 (Ni) 等材料中,太赫兹发射效率是有限的.

研究的目的:

  • 研究在-白金 (CoPt) 合金中高效的光诱导轨道电流的产生.
  • 为了增强轨道电子设备的太赫兹 (THz) 辐射.

主要方法:

  • 制造具有不同组成和层厚度的CoPt/Cu/MgO异构结构.
  • 使用 femtosecond激光脉冲激发轨道电流.
  • 太赫兹发射特性的表征.

主要成果:

  • 与Ni相比,CoPt合金表现出更高效的光诱导轨道电流生成.
  • 来自CoPt/Cu/MgO设备的太赫兹发射可与基准的自旋式太赫兹发射器相比较.
  • 证实了CoPt内部的轨道电流生成,通过Cu的传播以及Cu/MgO界面的转换.

结论:

  • CoPt合金是有效的轨道电流生成的有希望的材料.
  • 这些发现为开发高效的轨道太赫兹发射器铺平了道路.
  • 该研究阐明了来自轨道动态的THz发射机制.