控制的双重机制考虑到工作记忆中的年龄差异
Chenlingxi Xu1, Chang-Mao Chao1, Nathan S Rose1
1Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame.
Psychology and aging
|June 20, 2024
概括
由于反应性记忆处理,老年人难以处理工作记忆 (WM) 任务. 当受到主动干扰的挑战时,老年人有所改善,这表明了双重控制机制.
科学领域:
- 认知心理学 认知心理学
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 人类发展 人类发展
背景情况:
- 工作记忆 (WM) 的与年龄相关的下降是显著的,但它们的潜在机制仍然不完全理解.
- 现有的理论表明,注意力控制策略的差异有助于与年龄相关的WM性能变化.
- 年轻的成年人可能会采取主动控制,而老年人可能会更多地依赖反应性记忆过程.
研究的目的:
- 调查这样的假设,即年轻成年人的优异工作记忆性能源于主动的注意力控制,与老年人的反应性记忆策略形成对比.
- 为了检查不同的注意状态 (完全与分割) 和主动干扰如何影响与年龄有关的工作记忆性能.
- 为了测试双重控制机制,考虑工作记忆中的年龄差异.
主要方法:
- 设计了一个工作记忆任务,使用线索来优先考虑特定项目,并重复诱惑探头以引起反应处理中的错误.
- 参与者包括年轻人和老年人,在记忆延迟期间有条件操纵注意力 (完全或分割).
- 通过在试验中重复刺激来系统地增加主动干扰,以评估适应性控制机制.
主要成果:
- 年长的成年人,与注意力分裂的年轻人相似,在注意力完全可用时,对重复的诱探针的错误率较高,表明反应性处理.
- 当主动干扰加剧时,老年人成功地进行了主动控制,使他们的错误率正常化.
- 与老年人不同的是,注意力分裂的年轻人无法克服增加的主动干扰.
结论:
- 这些发现支持控制的双重机制,通过不同的注意力控制策略来解释工作记忆的年龄差异.
- 老年人对反应性处理的依赖可以通过增加主动干扰来克服,从而实现适应性控制.
- 这项研究强调了成年人一生中认知控制机制的动态性质.
更多相关视频
10:38A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
Published on: July 16, 2015
13.6K
07:01Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
Published on: September 20, 2020
4.7K
相关概念视频
01:24Working Memory
155
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
155
01:30Information Processing Approach
33
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
33
01:14Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory
413
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
413
01:30Cognitive Development During Adulthood
88
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
88
01:24Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition
31
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
31
01:27Language and Cognition
342
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
342