在基于变压器的语言模型和人类大脑的共同功能专业化
Sreejan Kumar1, Theodore R Sumers2, Takateru Yamakoshi3
1Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA. sreejank@princeton.edu.
Nature communications
|July 1, 2024
概括
研究人员分析了语言处理期间的大脑活动,专注于人工神经网络计算. 他们发现"变形金刚"中的特定"注意力头"预测了不同皮层区域的大脑活动,揭示了大脑如何处理复杂的语言.
科学领域:
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 计算语言学 计算语言学
- 人工智能的人工智能
背景情况:
- 大脑通过专门的计算来处理语言,从复杂的结构中获得意义.
- 人工神经网络,特别是变压器,通过通过电路计算集成上下文信息来进行先进的自然语言处理.
- 以前的研究集中在内部表示 (嵌入式),但这项研究直接检查电路计算.
研究的目的:
- 将变压器计算分解为功能专业化转换,集成上下文信息.
- 研究这些转换和个人的注意力如何与自然语言理解过程中的大脑活动有关.
- 在皮层语言网络中映射注意力头的功能专业化.
主要方法:
- 从参与者听到自然主义故事的功能性MRI (fMRI) 数据的分析.
- 将变压器计算分解为功能专业化转换.
- 大脑活动与个别注意力负责人执行的计算的相关性.
主要成果:
- 变压器转换解释了皮层语言网络中大脑活动的显著差异.
- 个别的,功能专业化的注意力头不同预测特定皮质区域的大脑活动.
- 关注头在一个低维的皮质空间中表现出与网络层和上下文长度相关的梯度.
结论:
- 这项研究通过直接分析电路计算,提供了对大脑语言处理的新计算解释.
- 人工神经网络中的新兴计算,特别是注意力头,为语言理解的神经机制提供了洞察力.
- 这项研究将人工智能与神经科学联系在一起,为了解大脑如何整合语言背景提供了一个框架.
相关概念视频
01:10Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language
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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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01:28Lateralization
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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01:27Language and Cognition
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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01:05Cerebral Hemispheres
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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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01:30Organization of the Brain
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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
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01:14Brain Imaging
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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
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