在小说写作中的性别代理差距 (1850年至2010年)
1Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.
概括
科幻小说经常将女性描绘为被动的,男性是积极的. 这项研究分析了1850-2010年间的87,531件小说作品,发现女性角色不那么活跃的性别代理差距持续存在,特别是在男性作家的作品中.
科学领域:
- 文学研究 文学研究
- 计算语言学 计算语言学
- 性别研究是性别研究.
背景情况:
- 文化刻板印象,特别是关于小说中性别角色的刻板印象,被广泛认为赋予男性权力,赋予女性被动性.
- 检查这一假设的大规模二轮分析是有限的,这阻碍了对历史趋势的全面理解.
研究的目的:
- 随着时间的推移,量化评估大量虚构作品中的代理属性.
- 调查文学表现中潜在的"性别代理差距"的存在和演变.
主要方法:
- 使用基于语法的计算方法,从1850年至2010年间的87531部小说中提取角色交互网络.
- 代理是作为一个双层性质的运行,区分作为代理的角色和作为互动的接收者的人物.
主要成果:
- 与男性角色相比,女性角色在跨性别关系中被描述为被动的可能性要大得多.
- 自19世纪以来",性别代理差距"已经出现了下降,但在21世纪的小说中仍然很明显.
- 男性作者表现出更大的倾向,将更少的代理权归因于女性角色,身体和恶作剧的行为表现出更明显的性别差异.
结论:
- 这项研究证实了小说中持续存在的性别代理差距,女性角色经常表现出减少的代理,特别是在与男性角色的互动中.
- 虽然这个差距随着时间的推移而缩小,但它的持续表明,在文学人物描绘中实现性别平等的持续挑战.
- 作者的性别和特定的行动类型显著影响了在虚构叙事中代理人归因的性别差异的表现.
相关概念视频
01:30Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development
27
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
27
02:45The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes
8.5K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
8.5K
02:19The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness
6.6K
The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
6.6K
02:55Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
90.1K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
90.1K
01:27Signs of Puberty
312
Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
312
02:16Stereotype Content Model
14.7K
The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
14.7K