人类时代寄生虫的进化:新的压力,新的适应性方向
Robert Poulin1, Priscila M Salloum1, Jerusha Bennett1
1Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
概括
人类在人类时代的活动正在推动动物寄生虫的快速进化. 了解这种由人类引起的进化对于管理寄生虫对牲畜,野生动物和疾病出现的影响至关重要.
科学领域:
- 生态生态学 生态生态学
- 进化生物学 进化生物学
- 寄生虫学的寄生虫学
背景情况:
- 人类世意味着人类对全球生态系统的广泛影响.
- 生物体面临来自快速变化的环境条件的新选择性压力.
- 单核动物寄生虫特别容易发生快速进化,这是因为它们的生长时间很短,生育率很高.
研究的目的:
- 综合人类诱导动物寄生虫进化的知识.
- 为研究和监测寄生虫进化提供一个框架.
- 探索进化的寄生虫对疾病动态的影响.
主要方法:
- 对人类压力下的寄生虫进化现有证据的审查.
- 人类影响与寄生虫进化之间的因果关系的概念概述.
- 选择性压力的分析 (例如,死亡率增加,宿主变化) 和由此产生的表型变化 (例如,毒性,生命史特征).
- 记录和假设的进化场景的介绍.
- 讨论调查和监测方法,包括基因组工具.
主要成果:
- 寄生虫具有基因变异,使它们易于快速进化.
- 人为因素对寄生虫施加了显著的选择性压力.
- 寄生虫的进化变化,特别是毒性和生命史特征,直接影响疾病传播和病理学.
- 场景说明了牲畜,水产养殖和自然系统中预期的寄生虫进化.
结论:
- 人类诱导的寄生虫进化是人类世的一个重大问题.
- 进化的寄生虫对物和野生动物产生疾病的风险.
- 认识到寄生虫本身正在进化,而不仅仅是它们的传播条件,对于未来的管理至关重要.
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