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功能性比较形态学表明,在对称的海洋爬行动物之间存在利基划分

Davide Foffa^1,2,3, Mark T Young⁴, Stephen L Brusatte^3,4

¹Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.

Royal Society open science

|July 30, 2024

概括

罗纪海洋中的海洋爬行动物表现出明显的养适应性,融合使多种物种能够共存. 这些古老的生态系统具有专门的海洋爬行动物动物群,在牛津粘土形成和金梅里奇粘土形成之间存在显著差异.

科学领域:

古生物学的古生物学
功能性形态学功能性形态学
宏观进化是如何发生的

背景情况:

中生代的海洋生态系统拥有多样化的水生四足动物,包括类动物,鱼类动物和thalattosuchian鱼形态动物,占据了高的营养水平.
这些海洋爬行动物在罗纪和白纪早期共存了超过5000万年.

研究的目的:

评估来自两个样本精准的罗纪生态系统的海洋爬行动物动物的功能相似之处和差异.
分析这些古老的海洋生态系统中的形态功能融合和生态结构.

主要方法:

创建一个功能数据集,使用连续的骨和牙字符,与现代水生四足动物相关.
使用多变量排序和推理统计学分析数据集.
来自英国牛津粘土形成 (OCF) 和金梅里奇粘土形成 (KCF) 的海洋爬行动物动物群的比较.

主要成果:

基于下的宏观进化趋势反映了基于牙的多样性研究,密切相关的物种聚集在形态空间中.
独特的特征组合标志着海洋爬行动物血统的特征,以及不同群体之间的多个形态功能融合实例.
定量分析证实,OCF和KCF生态系统之间在动物组成和生态结构方面存在明显的差异.

结论:

形态功能差异化可能使海洋爬行动物的生态专业化成为可能.
专业化和融合是促进各种海洋爬行动物组合在深远时间的共存的关键因素.
该研究量化证实了罗纪海洋生态系统中独特的动物组成和结构.

关键词:

罗纪罗纪罗纪收收收收收收动物群动物群海洋四足动物四足动物形态空间是一个形态空间.进行多变量分析.

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Ecological Niches

Ecological Niches

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Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.

Competition

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.

The Evidence for Evolution

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.

Formation of Species

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.