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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Published on: November 16, 2017

前额叶皮层的子区域为主要视觉皮层提供了独特的视觉和行为反调制.

S Ährlund-Richter¹, Y Osako¹, K R Jenks¹

¹The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

|August 16, 2024

概括

此摘要是机器生成的。

哺乳动物前额叶皮层 (PFC) 调节感官处理. 截然不同的PFC区域,前带状皮层 (ACA) 和轨道前皮层 (ORB),根据行为和兴奋,独特地塑造视觉皮层活动.

更多相关视频

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Published on: November 16, 2017

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

科学领域:

神经科学是一个神经科学.
系统神经科学系统神经科学
皮层电路皮层电路

背景情况:

哺乳动物前额叶皮层 (PFC) 通过远程轴突投射来调节感官处理.
独特的PFC子区域具有独特的连接性和功能角色,表明用于感官处理的模块化反机制.
了解PFC投影如何在不同行为状态中塑造感官皮层活动,对于完善皮层层次模型至关重要.

研究的目的:

研究从前皮层 (ACA) 和PFC的腹侧轨道前皮层 (ORB) 的投影如何调节初级视觉皮层 (VISp) 中的感觉处理.
划出ACA和ORB投影对不同行为状态的视觉处理的独特结构和功能贡献.
提供一个精细的皮层层次模型和PFC对感官信息处理的影响.

主要方法:

在小鼠中进行轴突追踪以映射投影模式.
轴突和体质2光子成像以记录神经活动.
化学遗传学操纵以评估通过PFC投影的功能调制.

主要成果:

在VISp中,ACA和ORB在皮层中呈现出不同的投影模式.
在VISp中的ACA投影比ORB投影更强烈地表示视觉刺激信息.
ACA输入增强了VISp中的视觉编码,由唤醒调节;ORB输入调节了运动/唤醒相关活动,并减少了高对比度刺激编码.

结论:

ACA和ORB反预测具有可分离的模式,并编码不同的信息,独特地为VISp活动做出贡献.
这些发现支持一种精细的皮层层次模型,其中特定的PFC投影塑造基于行为背景的感官处理.
PFC投影的独特特性,而不是一般化的效应,是调节不同行为状态期间VISp活动的关键.