复述,遗传和弗洛伊德对人类本性的看法
Jonah Branding1,2,3
1Department of Philosophy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. brandin2@msu.edu.
Journal of the history of biology
|August 30, 2024
概括
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德在"文明及其不满"中对人类本性的看法似乎是矛盾的. 他将他的新拉马尔克主义生物学与对人性严格的看法结合起来,通过结合回顾主义来协调,这表明先天的心理特征是不可改变的.
科学领域:
- 精神分析是一种精神分析.
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 生物学的历史 生物学的历史
背景情况:
- 西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的"文明及其不满" (1930) 提出了一个关于人类本性的悖论.
- 作为一个新拉马尔克主义者,弗洛伊德的生物学立场与他在"文明"中关于不变的人类本性的论点形成鲜明对比.
- 许多当代人受到拉马克主义的影响,主张基于获得的特征进行社会变革,与弗洛伊德的观点不同.
研究的目的:
- 解决弗洛伊德作品中他的新拉马尔克主义生物学与他对人性概念之间的明显不一致.
- 探索弗洛伊德独特的复述主义形式,作为理解他对人性不变的观点的关键.
- 分析弗洛伊德对发展阶段的信念如何影响他对社会进步的看法.
主要方法:
- 分析西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的"文明及其不满" (1930).
- 检查弗洛伊德的生物学理论,特别是新拉马克主义和回顾主义.
- 弗洛伊德的观点与他的同时代人的观点进行比较 (例如,威廉·赖希,朱利乌斯·坦德勒,保罗·卡梅勒).
主要成果:
- 弗洛伊德对人性的严格看法源于他对回顾主义的信念,而不仅仅是新拉马尔基主义.
- 弗洛伊德假定,心理发展阶段重复了原始发育,并在整个生命和物种历史中持续存在.
- 这种"总结主义的惯性"意味着在遗传学历中某些获得的特征不能被忘记,导致一个不变的人类性质.
结论:
- 弗洛伊德的回顾论为理解他对人性可塑性的看似矛盾的立场提供了一个框架.
- 尽管他的新拉马尔克主义背景,弗洛伊德对持续的发展阶段的强调使他得出结论,人类本性在很大程度上是固定的.
- 这种观点解释了为什么弗洛伊德认为社会对实质性改进的潜力有限.
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