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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients
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A Package of Established Analytical Tools to Investigate the Solid-State Alteration of Lipid-Based Excipients

Published on: August 9, 2022

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增加了石酸/石酸/糖石酸的排序,限制在胀的交叉链聚合物 (?? 烯酸) 之间

Chung-Hao Liu1, Shing-Yun Chang1, Kuo-Chih Shih1

  • 1Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids
|September 5, 2024
PubMed
概括

这项研究揭示了Carbopol,一种常见的加厚剂,如何影响表面活性剂混合物. 在低度下,Carbopol增强粘度;在高度下,它诱导有序的液晶表面活性物结构.

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Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization09:02

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions10:53

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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
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Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which esters react with an aqueous base, followed by an acid to give carboxylic acids. This reaction is also known as saponification because it forms the basis for making soaps from fats.
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Crossed Claisen condensations are base-promoted reactions between two different ester molecules producing β-dicarbonyl compounds.  The reaction involving esters, with both containing α hydrogen, results in a mixture of four different products that are difficult to isolate. This reduces the synthetic utility of the reaction.
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