当预测没有实现时,有没有代价? 一个VWP研究调查L1和L2扬声器的研究
Leigh B Fernandez1, Lauren V Hadley2, Aybora Koç1
1University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)
|September 13, 2024
概括
第一语言 (L1) 和第二语言 (L2) 发言者预测类似,L2 发言者显示较慢的注意力转移,当预测未满足时,可能是由于词汇访问而不是预测成本. 语音速率显著影响了这些发现.
科学领域:
- 心理语言学 心理语言学
- 认知科学 认知科学
- 获得第二语言的学习.
背景情况:
- 无论是第一语言 (L1) 还是第二语言 (L2) 的人都会对即将到来的语言信息做出预测.
- 个人差异和方法因素影响预测行为.
- 预测成本的存在和性质,特别是在L2扬声器中,仍然不清楚.
研究的目的:
- 调查L1和L2扬声器是否在时间和预测成本方面进行类似的预测.
- 探索熟练程度和语音速率对预测成本的影响.
- 为了确定L2扬声器与L1扬声器相比,是否会产生不同的预测成本.
主要方法:
- 利用视觉世界的范式来观察眼睛的运动和预测能力.
- 在L1和L2扬声器之间比较预测模式和成本.
- 分析了熟练程度和语音速率对预测处理的影响.
主要成果:
- 无论是L1和L2扬声器都表现出类似的预测模式和时间.
- 当最可能的替代方案是目标时,没有观察到预测成本.
- 当预测未得到满足时,L2说话者表现出更慢的注意力转移到目标对象,这归因于词汇访问.
- 预测差异主要出现在考虑语音速度时.
结论:
- 讲L1和L2的人可以以相似的方式预测即将到来的信息.
- 在L2讲者中观察到的延迟可能与词汇访问有关,而不是预测成本.
- 语音速度是视觉世界范式研究中需要考虑的关键因素.
- 说话者可能会产生多个部分预测,而不是一个单一的词汇候选人.
相关概念视频
01:03Prediction Intervals
2.2K
The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.
2.2K
01:19Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests
2.5K
A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n) to the number of categories (k).
2.5K
01:29Reliability and Validity
12.7K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
12.7K
01:13Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value
220
In healthcare diagnostics, laboratory tests play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions. However, interpreting test results is not always straightforward. An abnormal test result does not always confirm the presence of a disease, just as a normal result does not guarantee its absence. To assess the reliability of these diagnostic tools, healthcare practitioners rely on two key statistical indicators: sensitivity and specificity.
Sensitivity is the...
Sensitivity is the...
220
01:21Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD
3.4K
A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used;...
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used;...
3.4K
01:11Testing a Claim about Mean: Known Population SD
2.7K
A complete procedure of testing the hypothesis about a population mean is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be distributed normally. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. The sample size needed to be higher than 30, and most importantly, the population standard deviation should be already known.
In most realistic situations, the population standard deviation is often unknown, but in rare circumstances, when it...
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be distributed normally. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. The sample size needed to be higher than 30, and most importantly, the population standard deviation should be already known.
In most realistic situations, the population standard deviation is often unknown, but in rare circumstances, when it...
2.7K