美国汽车装配厂在过渡到电动汽车后,劳动力强度更高
Andrew Weng1, Omar Y Ahmed2, Gabriel Ehrlich3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, 1231 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, US. asweng@umich.edu.
Nature communications
|September 16, 2024
概括
过渡到电池电动汽车 (BEV) 可能不会像预期的那样减少组装工作. 电动汽车组装工厂的劳动强度大幅增加,这表明普遍失业的风险比人们担心的要小.
科学领域:
- 汽车制造业 汽车制造业
- 劳动经济学 劳动经济学
- 可持续的运输可持续的运输
背景情况:
- 汽车行业正在向电池电动汽车 (BEV) 显著转变.
- 之前的估计表明,与内燃机 (ICE) 车辆相比,电动汽车的装配劳动力需求大幅减少.
- 人们担心,由于这一转型,汽车行业可能面临广泛的失业.
研究的目的:
- 调查电池电动汽车 (BEV) 组装对美国汽车工厂劳动强度的实际影响.
- 提供关于在从内燃机 (ICE) 车辆生产过渡到电动汽车生产期间就业趋势的经验数据.
- 重新评估汽车装配的劳动力减少的预计规模.
主要方法:
- 对美国汽车生产和就业数据的公开数据集的分析.
- 将装配厂转向电动汽车和历史ICE车辆装配数据之间的劳动强度指标的比较.
- 在十年内,在一个特定的BEV装配工地,对劳动强度和总就业的纵向研究.
主要成果:
- 在已经过渡到BEV的美国汽车组装工厂,劳动力强度明显增加.
- 在生产升级阶段,BEV组装的劳动强度是ICE车辆的十倍以上.
- 一个研究的组装工地即使经过十年的BEV生产,劳动强度和总就业率仍然是历史ICE车辆水平的三倍.
结论:
- 过渡到BEV组装可能需要超过15年才能达到与ICE车辆组装的劳动强度平衡.
- 汽车组装厂快速,广泛失业的风险似乎比通常预测的要小.
- 建议使用数据驱动和宏观层面调查进行进一步的特定区域分析,以了解劳动力转型的局部影响.
相关概念视频
01:25Electric Generator: Alternator
2.5K
Electric generators induce an emf by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. A simple alternator is an AC generator that creates electrical energy that varies sinusoidally with time. A simple alternator consists of a conducting loop that is placed inside a uniform magnetic field. The loop is connected to split rings connected to the external circuit with the help of brushes.
The magnetic flux passing through the coil varies sinusoidally as the loop rotates inside the magnetic field. This...
The magnetic flux passing through the coil varies sinusoidally as the loop rotates inside the magnetic field. This...
2.5K
01:19Electro-mechanical Systems
928
Electromechanical systems are intricate configurations that effectively combine electrical and mechanical elements to achieve a desired outcome. Central to many of these systems is the DC motor, a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling various applications ranging from simple fans to complex robotic mechanisms.
A key component of the DC motor is the armature, a rotating circuit positioned within a magnetic field. As an electric current passes through the...
A key component of the DC motor is the armature, a rotating circuit positioned within a magnetic field. As an electric current passes through the...
928
03:12Batteries and Fuel Cells
27.1K
A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
27.1K
01:14Design Example: Automobile Ignition System
219
The automobile's ignition system plays a vital role by ensuring the timely ignition of the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. This ignition is facilitated by a spark plug, which is composed of two electrodes separated by an air gap. A spark forms across this air gap when a substantial voltage is generated between the electrodes, leading to the ignition of the fuel.
One can generate a large voltage using a car battery of 12 volts with the help of inductors. Inductors are known for opposing...
One can generate a large voltage using a car battery of 12 volts with the help of inductors. Inductors are known for opposing...
219
01:25Control Systems: Applications
582
Electrical engineering plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, with control systems at the heart of many applications, from home appliances to sophisticated space shuttles. Control systems manage and regulate the behavior of devices and processes, ensuring they function safely, correctly, and efficiently.
In modern vehicles, control systems manage various functions to enhance performance and safety. The steering wheel and accelerator are primary inputs in a car's control system. The...
In modern vehicles, control systems manage various functions to enhance performance and safety. The steering wheel and accelerator are primary inputs in a car's control system. The...
582
01:26PD Controller: Design
199
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
199