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相关概念视频

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

396
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
8.5K
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

23.8K
Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
23.8K
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

6.5K
The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
6.5K
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
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自免疫的性别差异背后的机制

DeLisa Fairweather1,2,3, Danielle J Beetler1,2, Elizabeth J McCabe1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

The Journal of clinical investigation
|September 17, 2024
PubMed
概括

自身免疫性疾病不成比例地影响女性. 这篇评论探讨了诸如性激素,X染色体基因和表观遗传效应等关键因素,这些因素有助于女性对自身免疫疾病的易感性.

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Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
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Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
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Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

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相关实验视频

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Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
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Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
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科学领域:

  • 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
  • 内分泌学 在内分泌学.
  • 遗传学 是一个遗传学.

背景情况:

  • 自身免疫性疾病是全球残疾的主要原因之一.
  • 这些疾病主要影响女性,特别是风湿性自身免疫性疾病.
  • 了解基于性别的差异对于有效治疗至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 审查当前关于自身免疫性疾病中性别差异背后的机制的知识.
  • 巩固动物模型和细胞培养实验的发现.
  • 突出导致女性自身免疫性疾病患病率增加的因素.

主要方法:

  • 关于自身免疫性疾病中的性别差异现有文献的综述.
  • 在动物模型和细胞培养中识别的因素的分析.
  • 综合有关激素,遗传,表观遗传和微RNA影响的证据.

主要成果:

  • 关键因素包括性激素,X链接免疫基因和雌激素介导的表观遗传效应.
  • 细胞外囊中的microRNAs调节基因和mRNA的表达.
  • 病毒,药物或毒素对线粒体的损伤可能会增加自身抗体.

结论:

  • 多种生物学因素导致女性自身免疫性疾病的发病率较高.
  • 对这些性别特异性机制的进一步研究是有必要的.
  • 这种理解可以为针对自身免疫性疾病的向治疗策略提供信息.