什么是最初的谎言的动机? 在21⁄2到5岁的孩子中欺骗
Cynthia Xinran Guo1, Philippe Rochat1
1Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Journal of experimental child psychology
|October 2, 2024
概括
小孩子 幼儿 幼儿
科学领域:
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 儿童心理学 儿童心理学
- 认知发展 认知发展
背景情况:
- 幼儿欺骗是一种复杂的行为.
- 了解孩子撒谎背后的动机对于发育研究至关重要.
- 以前的研究已经探索了欺骗背后的认知能力,但动机需要进一步调查.
研究的目的:
- 调查驱动幼儿谎言的主要动机.
- 为了检查欺骗的动机如何随着年龄的增长在幼儿中演变.
- 区分自我服务和他人服务的谎言动机.
主要方法:
- 采用了修改后的第三方违规范式.
- 217名年龄在2.5至5岁的儿童参加了这次活动.
- 儿童被分配到基线,自我激励或其他激励条件,并进行口头和非口头欺骗措施.
主要成果:
- 幼儿早期的谎言主要是为了自己的利益.
- 到了4岁,孩子的说谎动机就变得多样化了.
- 自私和他人服务的动机都在4岁左右出现.
结论:
- 个人利益是幼儿欺骗的主要驱动力.
- 随着孩子的成长,撒谎的动机变得更加复杂,包括利他主义的元素.
- 年龄是儿童撒谎动机多样化的重要因素.
相关概念视频
01:22Language Development
324
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
324
01:14Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development
602
The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
602
01:14Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development
51
The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone,...
51
01:13Nonconscious Mimicry
4.5K
Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.
4.5K
01:18False Memories
77
False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
77
01:12Observational Learning
145
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
145