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相关概念视频

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers01:23

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

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In psychology, reinforcement is a key concept in behavior modification. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments involving rats in what is known as a Skinner box. The rats learned to press a lever to receive food, a primary reinforcer that fulfilled their innate need for nourishment.
Effective reinforcers for humans vary depending on the individual and the context. Primary reinforcers, such as food, water, sleep, shelter, and pleasure, have inherent value and satisfy basic biological...
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Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
83
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
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Punishment01:27

Punishment

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Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior....
155
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children
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在有自我伤害行为的年轻人中,奖励处理.

Emre Yavuz1, Rachel Rodrigues2, Ana Pascual Sanchez3

  • 1Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK; Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.

Journal of psychiatric research
|October 9, 2024
PubMed
概括

这项研究没有发现奖励处理偏见的证据,在年轻人谁自我伤害 (SH). 特定的自我伤害特征,而不是动机偏见,与任务绩效相关,建议了解SH行为的新研究方向.

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科学领域:

  • 心理学 心理学 心理学
  • 神经科学是一个神经科学.
  • 公共卫生 公共卫生

背景情况:

  • 自伤 (SH) 影响了20%的年轻人,与健康状况不佳有关.
  • 人们对SH的认知机制知之甚少,这阻碍了早期干预的发展.
  • 假设奖励处理偏差有助于SH,可能是由于"成"的品质.

研究的目的:

  • 调查有自我伤害 (SH) 史的年轻人的奖励处理偏见.
  • 检查自我伤害,负面影响 (NA) 和在激励延迟任务 (IDT) 上的认知表现之间的关系.
  • 测试关于SH组对SH相关刺激的更快,更准确反应的假设.

主要方法:

  • 两项研究将SH的年轻人与健康的对照人 (HC) 以及负影响 (NA) 但没有SH史的个人进行了比较.
  • 参与者完成了一项新的激励延迟任务 (IDT),使用自我伤害,社会或货币图像.
  • 第二项研究涉及在IDT之前使用特里尔社会压力测试来诱导NA.

主要成果:

  • 在所有试验类型 (SH,社会,金钱) 中,SH和对照组之间没有发现IDT绩效的显著差异.
  • 与假设相反,SH参与者在SH相关的线索上没有表现出增强的表现.
  • 特定的SH特征 (正增强,图像,冲动) 与SH组中更好的SH试验性能相关.

结论:

  • 总的来说,自我伤害行为可能不是由对SH线索或自然奖励的动机偏见所驱动的.
  • 在SH的个体差异可能更好地解释通过激励SH相关的线索.
  • 未来的研究应该探索暗示激励在SH行为,治疗和预后中的作用.