意外生物控制的途径:人类介导的昆虫捕食者和寄生虫的分散
Gyda Fenn-Moltu1, Andrew M Liebhold2,3, Donald C Weber4
1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
概括
昆虫自然敌人的无意引入正在增加,构成生态风险. 历史数据揭示了各种物种,途径和宿主通用主义者,突出了生物安全需求.
科学领域:
- 昆虫学 昆虫学是一门学科.
- 生物控制 生物控制
- 侵入性物种 生态学 生态学
- 生物安全是生物安全.
背景情况:
- 使用昆虫捕食者和寄生虫的生物控制是一种重要的害虫管理策略.
- 严格的法规已经减少了故意的生物控制引入.
- 通过人类活动无意引入昆虫的数量正在增加,这带来了生态风险.
研究的目的:
- 分析美国历史边境拦截记录 (1913-2018) 无意运输的食虫昆虫.
- 确定这些昆虫的多样性,它们的引入途径和宿主特异性趋势.
- 根据意外引入的生物安全实践和管理策略提供信息.
主要方法:
- 从1913年到2018年利用了美国农业部的35,312条边境拦截记录.
- 编目拦截的昆虫捕食者和寄生虫,识别家族,序列和物种.
- 分析了商品协会,原产地,东道主特异性和以前的引入.
主要成果:
- 35,312次拦截涉及93个家族,11个秩序和196种自然敌人.
- 进口的植物和植物产品是主要的引入途径,主要来自新热带地区,巴拿马尼亚和西旧北极地区.
- 三分之二的物种是多的通用生物;25%以前被用作生物控制剂;4.6%记录了负面影响.
结论:
- 不故意运输各种自然敌对昆虫带来了重大的生态风险,包括意外的生物控制和本土社区的破坏.
- 主体通用物种经常被拦截,并且具有更高的建立和冲击潜力.
- 描述运输的昆虫和通路对于提高生物安全和管理入侵物种风险至关重要.
相关概念视频
00:58Symbiosis
Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
02:39Predator-Prey Interactions
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.Although predation is commonly associated with carnivory, for...
01:24Transmission of Pathogens
Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...
01:28Microbial Bioremediation of Pesticides
Pesticides often feature structurally complex chemical architectures, incorporating halogen groups and multiple aromatic rings. These characteristics confer high chemical stability, rendering many pesticides resistant to natural degradation processes. This resistance poses significant environmental concerns, as persistent pesticide residues can accumulate in ecosystems and affect non-target organisms.Despite the inherent stability of many pesticides, certain microorganisms possess the metabolic...
01:18Production of Biopesticides
Biopesticides offer a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, utilizing microbial agents to control agricultural pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely employed bacterium known for its potent insecticidal activity. Bt biopesticides are favored for their specificity to insect pests, minimal environmental impact, and natural degradability.Mechanism of Bt Toxin Action Bt produces insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins during its sporulation phase. These proteins form parasporal...
01:28Biological Methods for Microbial Control
Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...