饮食干预报告的长期随机对照试验及其对癌症的影响:系统性审查
Edward R Sauter1, Gisela Butera2, Tanya Agurs-Collins3
1Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
Cancers
|October 16, 2024
概括
长期的饮食干预措施显示出癌症预防的前景. 低卡路里和地中海饮食在降低癌症风险和生物标志物方面似乎比低脂肪饮食更有效.
科学领域:
- 在瘤学瘤学.
- 营养科学 营养科学
- 临床试验 临床试验
背景情况:
- 大多数饮食随机对照试验 (RCT) 是短期 (<1年) 的,重点是乳腺癌幸存者.
- 长期坚持生活方式变化,如饮食修改是具有挑战性的.
- 本综述重点关注长达1年以上的RCT,检查过重/肥胖个体的饮食干预措施,以减少癌症风险.
研究的目的:
- 系统地审查与癌症相关结果的饮食干预的长期 (≥1年) 随机对照试验 (RCT).
- 评估不同饮食策略的有效性,包括热量限制和宏观营养素修改.
主要方法:
- 对RCT进行系统审查,持续至少1年.
- 纳入标准:饮食干预与初级或二级癌症终点或与癌症相关的生物标志物.
- 数据提取侧重于饮食类型 (低热量,同热量,低脂肪,地中海) 和报告的结果.
主要成果:
- 51份报告符合标准,20份报告以癌症/生物标志物为主要终点.
- 低热量饮食 (LCD) 与同热量饮食 (38%初级,73%二级) 相比,显示了更高的益处率 (71%初级,85%二级).
- 地中海饮食 (MedD) 在所有三份报告中都显示出益处;低脂肪饮食 (LFD) 在大多数同热量研究中得到了评估. 大多数研究都招募了女性.
结论:
- 长期的RCT对于了解饮食对癌症风险和预后的影响至关重要.
- 需要进一步的研究,特别是乳腺癌以外的癌症.
- 低热量和地中海饮食在长期研究中显示出预防癌症的潜力.
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