双语对认知功能和正常和异常衰老中的区域大脑体积的贡献
Valeria L Torres1, Mónica Rosselli1,2, David A Loewenstein2,3
1Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, Florida, United States.
Bilingualism (Cambridge, England)
|October 21, 2024
概括
老年人双语与与语言和执行功能 (EF) 相关的大脑区域灰质体积增加有关. 虽然随着时间的推移,认知表现并没有差异,但双语者显示出更好的EF,这表明双语的神经效益.
科学领域:
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 认知科学 认知科学
- 心理学 心理学 心理学
背景情况:
- 双语越来越多地被认为对认知储备和大脑结构的潜在影响.
- 了解双语如何影响老年人群中的大脑体积和执行功能 (EF) 对认知健康研究至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 研究老年人双语,执行功能 (EF) 和大脑结构 (灰质体积) 之间的关系.
- 为了比较不同认知状态 (认知正常,轻度认知障碍,痴呆症) 的单语者与双语者的认知表现和大脑体积.
主要方法:
- 使用神经成像技术比较灰色物质体积 (GMV).
- 通过神经心理测试评估执行功能 (EF) 和认知表现.
- 分析了老一族单语和双语 (英语/西班牙语) 的数据.
主要成果:
- 与单语者相比,双语者在语言和执行功能 (EF) 大脑区域中表现出更高的灰质体积 (GMV).
- 在与记忆相关的大脑区域中没有观察到GMV的显著差异.
- 双语者表现出增强的EF,以减少Stroop干扰和数字跨度向后和类别流利性任务的特定表现模式为证据.
结论:
- 双语与结构性大脑变化有关,特别是语言和EF网络中的GMV增加.
- 虽然整体认知能力下降的发作并没有不同,但双语似乎在特定的执行职能方面具有优势.
- 这些发现表明,双语可能会通过神经修饰来促进认知储备.
相关概念视频
01:27Language and Cognition
329
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
329
01:30Cognitive Development During Adulthood
61
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
61
01:28Lateralization
311
Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
311
01:30Biological Influences on Intelligence
74
Intelligence is often thought to be linked to brain size, but the relationship is more complex than that. While brain size does correlate modestly with some abilities, like verbal skills, the connection is weaker for others, such as spatial reasoning. Other factors, like brain structure, also play crucial roles. For instance, despite Einstein's smaller-than-average brain, his parietal cortex, which is involved in spatial reasoning, was 15% wider, suggesting that neural density might matter...
74
01:10Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language
764
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
764
01:05Cerebral Hemispheres
301
The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
301