在安第斯山脉的考古记录中,政治组织和性别预测暴力
Thomas J Snyder1, Elizabeth Arkush2
1Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Wing, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.
概括
社会政治组织影响了前西班牙人安第斯山脉的暴力暴露. 虽然男性面临更多非致命暴力,但国家社会降低了女性致命暴力风险,使复杂性暴力理论复杂化.
科学领域:
- 人类学是人类学.
- 考古学的考古学
- 生物考古学的生物考古学
背景情况:
- 社会政治组织与暴力之间的联系是一个关键的人类学问题.
- 在不同的社会结构中,性别在暴力中的作用是不太了解的.
- 前西班牙裔安第斯社会提供了一个独特的背景来研究这种关系.
研究的目的:
- 调查前西班牙裔安第斯考古背景中成年男性和女性所经历的暴力频率和类型.
- 在不同社会政治组织 (自治社区,区域组织,国家) 中比较暴露于死亡前 (非致命) 和死亡前 (潜在致命) 暴力.
- 分析性别和社会政治复杂性对暴力暴露的影响.
主要方法:
- 利用了来自169个出版物和超过155个西班牙语前安第斯地区网站的8,607名成年人的综合数据库.
- 使用多项逻辑回归与贝叶斯汉密尔顿蒙特卡洛方法来建模创伤模式.
- 分析了头骨创伤,区分了死前和死前伤害.
主要成果:
- 在所有社会政治类别中,死亡前创伤在男性中比女性更频繁.
- 无论社会政治组织如何,男性的头脑创伤率都是一致的.
- 与自治社区相比,女性在各州的头脑创伤几率较低.
- 在自治社区的性别之间,死前创伤的几率是相同的,但在各州的女性中,抑郁症的几率是相同的.
结论:
- 越来越多的社会政治复杂性并没有在西班牙人之前的安第斯山脉中均地减少人际暴力.
- 国家社会显著降低了女性致命暴力的风险,但男性却没有.
- 性别是理解人类暴力的模式和历史的一个关键因素.
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