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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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圆型微波黑体目标的电磁设计和性能,用于放射仪校准.

Derek A Houtz1,2, William Emery2, Dazhen Gu1

  • 1RF Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.

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概括

开发了一种新的圆形黑体,用于校准微波辐射计. 这种高发射率装置可确保对空间和地面系统进行准确的亮度温度测量.

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黑人身体黑人身体亮度-温度标准的标准.在校准源的校准源.校准目标的校准目标寒冷负荷的冷负荷是什么热负荷的热负荷是一个问题.微波吸收器微波吸收器透性 透性的允许性的允许性.射线计校准测量仪的校准

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科学领域:

  • 微波工程 微波工程
  • 计量学 计量学 计量学
  • 电磁学 电磁学 电磁学 电磁学

背景情况:

  • 精确的辐射计校准对于遥感和太空任务至关重要.
  • 现有的校准源在宽带性能和温度稳定性方面存在局限性.
  • 美国国家标准与技术研究所 (NIST) 要求明亮度温度的初级标准.

研究的目的:

  • 设计和制造一个宽带被动微波校准源 (黑体).
  • 为了实现高发射率并最大限度地降低反射率,进行精确的放射测量.
  • 为太空和地面辐射仪校准提供可追溯性.

主要方法:

  • 设计了一个形腔,以实现最佳的微波发射率和最小的反射.
  • 开发了一种新的微波吸收器,使用环氧与碳酸铁 (CBI) 粉末.
  • 测量了吸收材料的复杂允许性和透性.
  • 使用几何光学和有限元素建模优化了形吸收器设计.
  • 测量了制造的圆形黑体的反射力.

主要成果:

  • 圆形的黑体表现出高的微波发射率,独立于极化.
  • 该设备在广泛的频率范围 (18-230 GHz) 和温度范围 (80-350 K) 上有效运行.
  • 在相关频率上,正常发射反射率被测得低于-40dB.
  • 开发的吸收材料在不同的CBI负载下表现出色.

结论:

  • 设计的圆形黑体作为亮度温度的国家主要标准.
  • 新的吸收材料和形几何学构造使宽带性能优越.
  • 这种校准源增强了用于遥感应用的放射测量数据的准确性和可追溯性.