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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.3K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
16.3K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

15.3K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
15.3K
Electrophiles02:28

Electrophiles

10.4K
This lesson explains the definition, classification, and characteristic features of an electrophile that are key features of nucleophilic substitution reactions. An analysis of their charge and orbital picture helps understand their reactivity for seeking electrons. Electrophiles can be classified into positive and neutral species. Other classes include free radicals and polar functional groups.
While a positive electrophile, like a proton, reacts due to its vacant, low-energy 1s orbital, the...
10.4K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

31.8K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
31.8K
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

8.1K
Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
8.1K
Halogens03:01

Halogens

18.3K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
18.3K

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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二-二烯-N-氧化物与素结合的复合物

Niklas Limberg1, J Mikko Rautiainen2, Jan Lundell2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany s.riedel@fu-berlin.de.

Chemical science
|November 4, 2024
PubMed
概括

研究人员使用二和N-氧化物发现了一种新的素结合 (XB) 相互作用. 这些不稳定的晶体复合物分解成结合结构,揭示了结合动态的洞察力.

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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科学领域:

  • 固态化学 固态化学
  • 超分子化学 超分子化学
  • 晶体学 晶体学是指结晶学.

背景情况:

  • 素结合 (XB) 是一种显著的非共价相互作用.
  • 氧化物是常见的XB受体.
  • 二 (Cl2) 已被探索为一个潜在的XB供体.

研究的目的:

  • 展示和描述一种新的素结合范式,使用二作为XB捐赠物和N-氧化物作为XB接受物.
  • 研究这些晶体复合物的稳定性和分解途径.
  • 为了比较Cl-Cl···O素键的强度与传统的基素键.

主要方法:

  • 二-N-氧化物复合物的合成和结晶.
  • 在低温 (-196°C至-80°C) 下进行X射线衍射分析.
  • 分析结晶复合体的稳定性和分解产物.

主要成果:

  • 在二和N-氧化物之间成功形成晶体复合物.
  • 证明了Cl-Cl···-O-N+的素结合.
  • 观察到晶体复合物的高不稳定性,导致分解成ClH-O-N与结合的复合物.
  • 对于ClO相互作用的规范化XB相互作用比 (RXB) 与传统的IO相互作用相比较.
  • Cl-Cl···O XB 角度从172°到177°,表明 σ-洞对结构指导的影响.

结论:

  • 已经建立了一个新的含二和N-氧化物素结合的新范式.
  • 这项研究突出了这些新型素结合复合物的短暂性质和分解途径.
  • 这些发现强调了作为有效的素键供体的潜力,在某些系统中可与相美.