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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Streamlined 3D Cerebellar Differentiation Protocol with Optional 2D Modification

Streamlined 3D Cerebellar Differentiation Protocol with Optional 2D Modification

Published on: December 9, 2017

一个EED/PRC2-H19循环调节小脑发育

Pei-Pei Liu^1,2,3, Xiao Han^2,4,5, Xiao Li^1,2,3

¹Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|November 5, 2024

概括

胚胎外皮发育 (EED) 蛋白对于小脑发育至关重要. 它的缺失通过过度激活H19基因导致运动缺陷,揭示了关键的EED-H19反循环.

关键词:

EED, H19, 机动运动, PRC2 小脑小脑是什么意思

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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科学领域:

神经科学是一个神经科学.
发展生物学发展生物学
表观遗传学在表观遗传学中,表观遗传学是指表观遗传学.

背景情况:

胚胎外皮发育 (EED) 蛋白质是多抑制复合体2 (PRC2) 的关键组成部分,参与表观遗传调节.
在此之前,EED在小脑发育中的特定作用尚未被阐明.

研究的目的:

研究EED在小脑发育中的作用.
了解EED在小脑中的作用背后的分子机制.

主要方法:

在小鼠中利用神经干细胞和小脑颗粒细胞原始体中的EED删除模型.
在小脑颗粒细胞中进行了联合转录组和ChIP-seq剖析.
研究了EED,H19长非编码RNA和基因素修饰 (H3K27ac,H3K27me3) 之间的相互作用.

主要成果:

除EED导致小脑颗粒细胞原始细胞的增殖减少,细胞死亡增加,小脑低成形和运动缺陷.
经过EED切除,导致H19长非编码RNA过度激活.
EED以H3K27me3依赖的方式调节H19的表达,而H19的删除会影响EED的表达和表观遗传特征.
H19上调被确定为EED突变小鼠中小脑缺陷的原因.

结论:

在小脑形态发生和发育中,EED发挥着至关重要的作用,通过调节对小脑颗粒细胞原始体至关重要的基因表达来调节小脑形态和发育.
在EED和H19之间建立了一个负反循环,这对于控制小脑发育和预防低成形和运动缺陷至关重要.