人工智能在医学成像中的演变:从计算机科学到机器和深度学习
Michele Avanzo1, Joseph Stancanello2, Giovanni Pirrone1
1Medical Physics Department, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
Cancers
|November 9, 2024
概括
人工智能 (AI) 已经取得了显著的进步,现在有助于医疗图像分析和电子健康记录解释. 人工智能在瘤学方面表现有前途,但对于值得信赖的医疗保健应用,需要临床验证和伦理考虑.
科学领域:
- 计算机科学 计算机科学
- 医疗信息学 医疗信息学
- 生物技术是生物技术.
背景情况:
- 人工智能 (AI) 涵盖了在机器中实现类似人类认知功能的技术,其根源在1940年代的抽象模型中.
- 机器学习算法,包括神经网络和决策树,在20世纪50年代至60年代获得了引力.
- 最近的AI进步是由增强的计算能力 (GPU),大数据集和精细的算法 (如卷积神经网络) 推动的.
研究的目的:
- 审查AI在医学中的演变和应用.
- 突出AI在医学成像,临床决策支持和电子健康记录分析方面的作用.
- 讨论人工智能在医疗保健中的潜力和挑战,特别是在瘤学中.
主要方法:
- 审查历史AI发展及其在医疗环境中的应用.
- 分析机器学习,深度学习和自然语言处理方面的进展.
- 检查AI在医疗图像分析 (检测,分类,细分) 和健康记录文本分析中的使用情况.
主要成果:
- 人工智能已经从专家系统发展到用于医学图像分析的复杂神经网络.
- 一项临床试验表明,AI的非劣势是为了使乳房镜检查的放射科医生读数增加一倍.
- 人工智能正在扩展到新的领域,如电子健康记录分析和图像自我标签.
结论:
- 由计算能力和数据推动的AI越来越多地被整合到医疗保健中.
- 关键的挑战包括证明临床有效性,确保AI可解释性 ("黑子"问题),以及解决公平和信任的伦理问题.
- 人工智能为医学研究和应用提供了巨大的潜力,特别是在瘤学领域.
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