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Updated: Jun 6, 2025

The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection
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The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection

Published on: January 7, 2022

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用于锁定放大器的混合过器

Jeffrey Lindemuth1, Emilio Codecido1, Noah Faust1

  • 1Lake Shore Cryotronics, 575 McCorkle Blvd., Westerville, Ohio 43082, USA.

The Review of scientific instruments
|December 2, 2024
PubMed
概括

这项研究引入了一种用于锁定放大器的新型混合过器,它结合了无限冲动响应 (IIR) 和移动平均过器. 这种新设计改善了噪声降低,并减少了精确的交流信号测量的沉降时间.

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Active Filters01:25

Active Filters

Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
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Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps01:20

Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps

In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is connected through a resistor to the inverting terminal. Meanwhile, the non-inverting terminal is grounded and a feedback resistor is established between the inverting and output terminal, as depicted in Figure 1.
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Op Amp AC Circuits01:18

Op Amp AC Circuits

Within an audio system, the filter circuit plays a pivotal role in processing the amplified audio signal from an amplifier. Its primary function is significantly attenuating signal components with lower frequencies, thereby shaping the audio output. This circuit's operations are examined, focusing on the fundamental filter configuration. This configuration involves an operational amplifier arranged in an inverting setup coupled with resistors (R1 and R2) and a capacitor (C1).
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MOSFET Amplifiers01:17

MOSFET Amplifiers

The MOSFET, when operating in its active region, functions as a voltage-controlled current source. In this region, the gate-to-source voltage controls the drain current. This principle underlies the operation of the transconductance MOSFET amplifier. The output current is directed through a load resistor to convert this amplifier into a voltage amplifier. The output voltage is then obtained by subtracting the voltage drop across the load resistance from the supply voltage. This process results...
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Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff...
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