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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution01:25

Drug Distribution: Volume of Distribution

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The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration observed in the blood plasma. The body's intracellular fluid compartment, which makes up two-thirds of the total body water, is contrasted with the extracellular fluid compartment—comprising plasma and interstitial fluid—that accounts for one-third. The volume of distribution can vary depending on the characteristics of the drug.
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

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Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Organ Perfusion Rate01:15

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Drug distribution within the body is a complex process influenced by several factors, including perfusion rate, the rate at which the bloodstream transports drugs to tissue. This limitation becomes particularly significant when dealing with highly lipophilic drugs. In such cases, the rate at which the drug can move across membranes is crucial, and if the membrane is highly permeable to the drug, distribution becomes rate-limited by perfusion.
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Efficient Methodology to Confidently Differentiate and Characterize Fentanyl Analogs
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在华盛顿州金县引入芬太尼后,注射器分发大幅减少.

Sara N Glick1,2, Joe Tinsley2, Laura Pritchard Wirkman3

  • 1University of Washington, School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA, United States.

Drug and alcohol dependence reports
|December 9, 2024
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

2020年后,注射器服务计划 (SSP) 的注射器分发量大幅下降,但客户访问量保持稳定,这表明对减少危害服务的需求持续. 这种转变可能与药物使用模式的变化有关,包括非注射性芬太尼的使用.

关键词:
芬太尼尔 (Fentanyl) 是一种药物.使用毒品的路线使用毒品.更安全的吸烟用品注射器可以进入注射器.注射器服务计划和项目.

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科学领域:

  • 公共卫生 公共卫生
  • 流行病学 流行病学
  • 药物使用研究研究 药物使用研究

背景情况:

  • 注射器服务计划 (SSP) 对于为使用毒品的人 (PWUD) 提供减少危害至关重要.
  • 改变药物供应和消费行为,例如增加非注射芬太尼的使用,可能会影响PWUD如何利用SSP.

研究的目的:

  • 分析了华盛顿州金县SSP的注射器分发和客户接触趋势.
  • 了解药品市场变化对SSP利用和服务提供的影响.

主要方法:

  • 从金县的三个SSP收集了例行程序数据.
  • 使用joinpoint回归分析来评估年度注射器分发和客户接触的趋势.
  • 年度百分比变化 (APC) 计算了已识别的趋势时期.

主要成果:

  • 注射器分发在2020年达到顶峰,到2023年急剧下降 (2020-2023年APC=-32.8%).
  • 客户接触总体保持稳定 (2010-2023年APC=0.7%),SSP分发更安全的吸烟用品的趋势越来越明显.
  • 从1989年到2020年,注射器分布稳定或增加.

结论:

  • 2020年后,注射器发行量显著下降,与芬太尼的可用性增加相吻合.
  • 客户接触证明了PWUD对减少危害服务的持续需求.
  • 分发更安全的吸烟用品可能与客户参与度增加有关.