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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development
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在Paranthropus robustus和Australopithecus africanus的内耳中存在不同的耳石系统

Christopher M Smith1, Ashley S Hammond1, Alessandro Urciuoli2

  • 1Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of human evolution
|December 15, 2024
PubMed
概括

人类内耳的进化变化.

关键词:
几何形态仪表的几何形态仪表.人类类类型的人类类.内耳是指内耳的内部部分.垂体系统的前庭系统.

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Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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